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Newton introduced the concept of mass in his {\it Principia} and gave an intuitive explanation for what it meant. Centuries have passed and physicists as well as philosophers still argue over its meaning. Three types of mass are generally…

General Physics · Physics 2012-01-19 J. L. Fry , Z. E. Musielak

The fractional diffusion equation is rigorously derived as a scaling limit from a deterministic Rayleigh gas, where particles interact via short range potentials with support of size $\varepsilon$ and the background is distributed in space…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Karsten Matthies , Theodora Syntaka

The diffusion equation and its time-fractional counterpart can be obtained via the diffusion limit of continuous-time random walks with exponential and heavy-tailed waiting time distributions. The space dependent variable-order…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-24 Christopher N. Angstmann , Daniel S. Han , Bruce I. Henry , Boris Z. Huang , Zhuang Xu

Let a number, N, of particles interact classically through Newton's Laws of Motion and Newton's inverse square Law of Gravitation. The resulting equations of motion provide an approximate mathematical model with numerous applications in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Douglas C. Heggie

Action at a distance in Newtonian physics is replaced by finite propagation speeds in classical physics, the physics defined by the field theories of Maxwell and Einstein. As a result, the differential equations of motion in Newtonian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Carmen Chicone

We revisit Newton's equation of motion in one dimension when the moving particle has a variable mass m(x,t) depending both on position (x) and time (t). Geometrically the mass function is identified with one of the metric function in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-08-15 S. Habib Mazharimousavi , M. Halilsoy

Various origins of linear and nonlinear Schrodinger equations are discussed in connection with diffusion, hydrodynamics, and fractal structure. The treatment is mainly expository, emphasizing the quantum potential, with a few new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert Carroll

It is pointed out that recent cosmological findings seem to support the view that the mass/energy distribution of the universe defines the Newtonian inertial frames as originally suggested by Mach. The background concepts of inertial frame,…

Classical Physics · Physics 2015-06-11 Hanno Essen

We generalize the method of obtaining the fundamental linear partial differential equations such as the diffusion and Schrodinger equation, Dirac and telegrapher's equation from a simple stochastic consideration to arrive at certain…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 Karmadeva Maharana

We point out that, due to the nonlinearity of the Einstein equations, a homogeneous approximation in cosmology leads to the appearance of an additional term in the Friedmann equation. This new term is associated with the spatial…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Gyula Bene , Viktor Czinner , Matyas Vasuth

To address the observation of Max Born (M. Born 1969) that the Newton's second law can emerge from a purely statistical perspective, we derive the evolution equation about the statistical distribution for dilute gas based solely on…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-10-23 Hong Yuan , Chang-Pu Sun

In this paper the solutions $u_{\nu}=u_{\nu}(x,t)$ to fractional diffusion equations of order $0<\nu \leq 2$ are analyzed and interpreted as densities of the composition of various types of stochastic processes. For the fractional equations…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-02-24 Enzo Orsingher , Luisa Beghin

In the current work we propose a theory for an additional mass diffusion effect in the conventional gas dynamics equations. We find that this effect appears as a homogenization time limit correction, when the deterministic interaction…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2017-09-28 Rafail V. Abramov

Einstein's kinetic theory of the Brownian motion, based upon light water molecules continuously bombarding a heavy pollen, provided an explanation of diffusion from the Newtonian mechanics. Since the discovery of quantum mechanics it has…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-09-07 Laszlo Erdos

Of primary interest in this paper is the numerical approximation of a time dependent fractional, in space, diffusion equation where the domain is assumed to be nonhomogeneous, having different axial diffusion coefficients. This work is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-12 T. Catoe , V. J. Ervin

We propose a generalization of equations of quantum mechanics in the hydrodynamic form by introducing the terms taking into account the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures and the density energy of diffusion pressure of the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2011-12-08 O. N. Golubjeva , A. D. Sukhanov , V. G. Bar'yakhtar

Here, we adapt the concept of transformational thermodynamics, whereby the flux of temperature is controlled via anisotropic heterogeneous diffusivity, for the diffusion and transport of mass concentration. The n-dimensional,…

Biological Physics · Physics 2013-02-01 Sebastien Guenneau , Tania Puvirajesinghe

The paper analyzes time propagation of Dirac observables - using Heisenberg representation - in the light of various pseudodifferential operator algebras (cf. [Co3], [Co15], [Co16]). Our theory gives (i) a mechanical angular momentum (the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-01-04 H. O. Cordes

A set of quantum hydrodynamic equations are derived from the moments of the electrostatic mean-field Wigner kinetic equation. No assumptions are made on the particular local equilibrium or on the statistical ensemble wave functions. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 F. Haas , M. Marklund , G. Brodin , J. Zamanian

The gauge invariant electromagnetic Wigner equation is taken as the basis for a fluid-like system describing quantum plasmas, derived from the moments of the gauge invariant Wigner function. The use of the standard, gauge dependent Wigner…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 F. Haas , J. Zamanian , M. Marklund , G. Brodin