Related papers: Particle Freeze-out in Self-Consistent Relativisti…
Freeze-out of particles in relativistic hydrodynamics is considered across a 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface. The conservation laws for time-like parts of the freeze-out hypersurface require different values of temperature, baryonic…
We have formulated a self-consistent model of freeze-out on an arbitrary hypersurface. It conserves energy and momentum across the discontinuity between ideal fluid and the gas of free particles. Energy and momentum of those free particles…
A survey of various mechanisms for particle emission in hydrodynamics is presented. First, in the case of sudden freeze out, the problem of negative contributions in the Cooper-Frye formula and ways out are presented. Then the separate…
Freeze-out of particles across 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface with space-like normal is discussed in a simple kinetic model. The final momentum distribution of emitted particles shows a non-exponential transverse momentum spectrum,…
Here I discuss some implicit assumptions of modern hydrodynamic models and argue that their accuracy cannot be better than 10-15 %. Then I formulate the correct conservation laws for the fluid emitting particles from an arbitrary freeze-out…
A finite unbound system which is equilibrium in one reference frame is in general nonequilibrium in another frame. This is a consequence of the relative character of the time synchronization in the relativistic physics. This puzzle was a…
In fluid dynamical models the freeze out of particles across a three dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze out surfaces, with both…
From an analysis of various types of data obtained in relativistic nuclear collisions, the following picture has emerged in thermal and hydrodynamical descriptions: as the fluid expands and cools, particles first undergo a chemical freeze…
Freeze-out procedure accepted in the model of 3-fluid dynamics (3FD) is analyzed. This procedure is formulated in terms of drain terms in hydrodynamic equations. Dynamics of the freeze-out is illustrated by 1-dimensional simulations. It is…
We study the effects of strict conservation laws and the problem of negative contributions to final momentum distribution during the freeze out through 3-dimensional hypersurfaces with space-like normal. We study some suggested solutions…
We investigate freeze--out in hydrodynamic models for relativistic heavy--ion collisions. In particular, instantaneous freeze--out across a hypersurface of constant temperature (``isothermal'' freeze--out) is compared with that across a…
The relativistic kinetic equations for the two domains separated by the hypersurface with both space- and time-like parts are derived. The particle exchange between the domains separated by the time-like boundaries generates source terms…
An effective computer program for three dimensional relativistic hydrodynamical model has been developed. It implements a new approach to the early hot phase of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The computer program simulates time-space…
Relativistic hydrodynamics of classic plasmas is derived from the microscopic model in the limit of ideal plasmas. The chain of equations is constructed step by step starting from the concentration evolution. It happens that the energy…
Discontinuities in relativistic hydrodynamics - shock waves and freeze-out shocks - are considered across both space-like and time-like hypersurfaces. We analyze the peculiar features of the freeze-out discontinuities and their connection…
We present exact, analytic and simple solutions of relativistic perfect fluid hydrodynamics. The solutions allow us to calculate the rapidity distribution of the particles produced at the freeze-out, and fit them to the measured rapidity…
The problem of spectra formation in hydrodynamic approach to A+A collisions is considered within the Boltzmann equations. It is shown analytically and illustrated by numerical calculations that the particle momentum spectra can be presented…
Freeze out of particles across a space-time hypersurface is discussed in kinetic models. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze out surfaces, with spacelike normals. The resulting…
We show that a hadron gas model with continuous particle emission instead of freeze out may solve some of the problems (high values of the freeze out density and specific net charge) that one encounters in the latter case when studying…
Freeze out of particles across three dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed in a simple kinetic model. The final momentum distribution of emitted particles, for freeze out surfaces with space-like normal, shows a non-exponential…