Related papers: Freeze out in hydrodynamical models
In fluid dynamical models the freeze out of particles across a three dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze out surfaces, with both…
Freeze-out of particles across 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface with space-like normal is discussed in a simple kinetic model. The final momentum distribution of emitted particles shows a non-exponential transverse momentum spectrum,…
Freeze-out of particles in relativistic hydrodynamics is considered across a 3-dimensional space-time hypersurface. The conservation laws for time-like parts of the freeze-out hypersurface require different values of temperature, baryonic…
We have formulated a self-consistent model of freeze-out on an arbitrary hypersurface. It conserves energy and momentum across the discontinuity between ideal fluid and the gas of free particles. Energy and momentum of those free particles…
The particle emission in relativistic hydrodynamic model is formulated assuming a sharp 3-dimensional space-time freeze-out hypersurface. The boundary conditions correspond to the energy-momentum and charge conservation between fluid and…
Here I discuss some implicit assumptions of modern hydrodynamic models and argue that their accuracy cannot be better than 10-15 %. Then I formulate the correct conservation laws for the fluid emitting particles from an arbitrary freeze-out…
Freeze out of particles across a space-time hypersurface is discussed in kinetic models. The calculation of final momentum distribution of emitted particles is described for freeze out surfaces, with spacelike normals. The resulting…
We study freeze out process of particles across a three dimensional space-time hypersurface with space-like normal. The problem of negative contribution is discussed with respect to conservation laws, and a simple and practical new…
Most hydrodynamical calculations used in heavy-ion physics ignore the effect of freeze-out matter carrying energy and momentum away from the expanding fluid. In a simple one-dimensional model we compare calculated energy density and…
We investigate freeze--out in hydrodynamic models for relativistic heavy--ion collisions. In particular, instantaneous freeze--out across a hypersurface of constant temperature (``isothermal'' freeze--out) is compared with that across a…
Freeze out of particles across three dimensional space-time hypersurface is discussed in a simple kinetic model. The final momentum distribution of emitted particles, for freeze out surfaces with space-like normal, shows a non-exponential…
A survey of various mechanisms for particle emission in hydrodynamics is presented. First, in the case of sudden freeze out, the problem of negative contributions in the Cooper-Frye formula and ways out are presented. Then the separate…
Freeze-out procedure accepted in the model of 3-fluid dynamics (3FD) is analyzed. This procedure is formulated in terms of drain terms in hydrodynamic equations. Dynamics of the freeze-out is illustrated by 1-dimensional simulations. It is…
Discontinuities in relativistic hydrodynamics - shock waves and freeze-out shocks - are considered across both space-like and time-like hypersurfaces. We analyze the peculiar features of the freeze-out discontinuities and their connection…
Exact solutions to the equations of hydrodynamics provide valuable benchmark tests for numerical hydrodynamic codes and also provide useful insights into the nature of hydrodynamic flow. In this paper, we introduce two novel, closely…
The freeze out of particles from a layer of finite thickness is discussed in a phenomenological kinetic model. The proposed model, based on the Modified Boltzman Transport Equation, is Lorentz invariant and can be applied equally well for…
From an analysis of various types of data obtained in relativistic nuclear collisions, the following picture has emerged in thermal and hydrodynamical descriptions: as the fluid expands and cools, particles first undergo a chemical freeze…
Hyperbolic conservation laws posed on manifolds arise in many applications to geophysical flows and general relativity. Recent work by the author and his collaborators attempts to set the foundations for a study of weak solutions defined on…
Considering applications to relativistic heavy-ion collisions, we develop a rapidity-dependent thermal model that includes thermal smearing effect and longitudinal boost. We calibrate the model with thermal yields obtained from a multistage…
The Freeze Out (FO) problem is addressed for a covariant FO probability and a finite FO layer with a time-like normal vector continuing the line of studies introduced in Ref. [1]. The resulting post FO momentum distribution functions are…