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The measurement of azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions relies upon the assumption that azimuthal correlations between particles result solely from their correlation with the reaction plane (i.e. flow). We show that at SPS…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Nicolas Borghini , Phuong Mai Dinh , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We introduce a no-reaction-plane (no-RP) method for extracting directed (\(v_1\)) and elliptic (\(v_2\)) flows in heavy-ion collisions, which eliminates the need for event-plane reconstruction. %by scanning over fixed test angles and using…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-04-14 E. Dlin , O. Teryaev

An experimental overview of anisotropic flow measurements and their ability to probe the properties and the nature of the system created in ultra-relativistic hadron collisions is given in these proceedings. The aim is to discuss the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2021-02-03 Katarína Krízková Gajdosová

We discuss signatures of thermalisation in heavy ion collisions based on elliptic flow. We then propose a new method to analyse elliptic flow, based on multiparticle azimuthal correlations. This method allows one to test quantitatively the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 Nicolas Borghini , Phuong Mai Dinh , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Azimuthal anisotropy is a key observation made in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. This phenomenon has played a crucial role in the development of the field over the last two decades. In addition to its interest for studying the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2023-10-20 Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Anisotropic flows ($v_2$ and $v_4$) of hadrons and light nuclear clusters are studied by a partonic transport model and nucleonic transport model, respectively, in ultra-relativistic and intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Both…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Y. G. Ma

Smashing nuclei at ultrarelativistic speeds and analyzing the momentum distribution of outgoing debris provides a powerful method to probe the many-body properties of the incoming nuclear ground states. Within a perturbative description of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-04-04 Thomas Duguet , Giuliano Giacalone , Sangyong Jeon , Alexander Tichai

We here present the results of elliptical flow for the collision of different asymmetric nuclei (10Ne20 +13 Al27, 18Ar40 +21 Sc45, 30Zn64 +28 Ni58, 36Kr86 +41 Nb93) by using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model. General features of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2017-07-26 Varinderjit Kaur , Suneel Kumar

We introduce the concepts of participant triangularity and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions, analogous to the definitions of participant eccentricity and elliptic flow. The participant triangularity characterizes the triangular…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-20 B. Alver , G. Roland

We study the longitudinal decorrelations of elliptic, triangular and quadrangular flows in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC energies. The event-by-event CLVisc (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamics model, combined with the fully…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-02-20 Xiang-Yu Wu , Long-Gang Pang , Guang-You Qin , Xin-Nian Wang

A full (3+1)-dimensional calculation using the Lagrangian hydrodynamics is proposed for relativistic nuclear collisions. The calculation enables us to evaluate anisotropic flow of hadronic matter which appears in non-central and/or…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-09-13 Chiho Nonaka , Eiji Honda , Shin Muroya

Recent experimental results on directed and elliptic flow, theoretical developments, and new techniques for anisotropic flow analysis are reviewed.

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2009-11-07 S. A. Voloshin

We present (3+1)D dynamical simulations of asymmetric nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Employing a dynamical initial state model coupled to (3+1)D viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, we explore the rapidity…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-04-26 Wenbin Zhao , Sangwook Ryu , Chun Shen , Björn Schenke

In the particles produced in a nuclear collision undergo collective flow, the reaction plane can in principle be determined through a global event analysis. We show here that collective flow can be identified by evaluating the reaction…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-11-13 Jean-Yves Ollitrault

Flow harmonics ($\textit{v}_{n}$) of the Fourier expansion for the azimuthal distributions of hadrons are commonly employed to quantify the azimuthal anisotropy of particle production relative to the collision symmetry planes. While lower…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-12-18 STAR Collaboration , J. Adam , L. Adamczyk , J. R. Adams , J. K. Adkins , G. Agakishiev , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , I. Alekseev , D. M. Anderson , A. Aparin , E. C. Aschenauer , M. U. Ashraf , F. G. Atetalla , A. Attri , G. S. Averichev , V. Bairathi , K. Barish , A. Behera , R. Bellwied , A. Bhasin , J. Bielcik , J. Bielcikova , L. C. Bland , I. G. Bordyuzhin , J. D. Brandenburg , A. V. Brandin , J. Butterworth , H. Caines , M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez , D. Cebra , I. Chakaberia , P. Chaloupka , B. K. Chan , F-H. Chang , Z. Chang , N. Chankova-Bunzarova , A. Chatterjee , D. Chen , J. H. Chen , X. Chen , Z. Chen , J. Cheng , M. Cherney , M. Chevalier , S. Choudhury , W. Christie , X. Chu , H. J. Crawford , M. Csanád , M. Daugherity , T. G. Dedovich , I. M. Deppner , A. A. Derevschikov , L. Didenko , X. Dong , J. L. Drachenberg , J. C. Dunlop , T. Edmonds , N. Elsey , J. Engelage , G. Eppley , R. Esha , S. Esumi , O. Evdokimov , A. Ewigleben , O. Eyser , R. Fatemi , S. Fazio , P. Federic , J. Fedorisin , C. J. Feng , Y. Feng , P. Filip , E. Finch , Y. Fisyak , A. Francisco , L. Fulek , C. A. Gagliardi , T. Galatyuk , F. Geurts , A. Gibson , K. Gopal , D. Grosnick , W. Guryn , A. I. Hamad , A. Hamed , S. Harabasz , J. W. Harris , S. He , W. He , X. H. He , S. Heppelmann , S. Heppelmann , N. Herrmann , E. Hoffman , L. Holub , Y. Hong , S. Horvat , Y. Hu , H. Z. Huang , S. L. Huang , T. Huang , X. Huang , T. J. Humanic , P. Huo , G. Igo , D. Isenhower , W. W. Jacobs , C. Jena , A. Jentsch , Y. JI , J. Jia , K. Jiang , S. Jowzaee , X. Ju , E. G. Judd , S. Kabana , M. L. Kabir , S. Kagamaster , D. Kalinkin , K. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , K. Kauder , H. W. Ke , D. Keane , A. Kechechyan , M. Kelsey , Y. V. Khyzhniak , D. P. Kikoła , C. Kim , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , T. A. Kinghorn , I. Kisel , A. Kiselev , M. Kocan , L. Kochenda , L. K. Kosarzewski , L. Kramarik , P. Kravtsov , K. Krueger , N. Kulathunga Mudiyanselage , L. Kumar , R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli , J. H. Kwasizur , R. Lacey , S. Lan , J. M. Landgraf , J. Lauret , A. Lebedev , R. Lednicky , J. H. Lee , Y. H. Leung , C. Li , W. Li , W. Li , X. Li , Y. Li , Y. Liang , R. Licenik , T. Lin , Y. Lin , M. A. Lisa , F. Liu , H. Liu , P. Liu , P. Liu , T. Liu , X. Liu , Y. Liu , Z. Liu , T. Ljubicic , W. J. Llope , R. S. Longacre , N. S. Lukow , S. Luo , X. Luo , G. L. Ma , L. Ma , R. Ma , Y. G. Ma , N. Magdy , R. Majka , D. Mallick , S. Margetis , C. Markert , H. S. Matis , J. A. Mazer , N. G. Minaev , S. Mioduszewski , B. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , I. Mooney , Z. Moravcova , D. A. Morozov , M. Nagy , J. D. Nam , Md. Nasim , K. Nayak , D. Neff , J. M. Nelson , D. B. Nemes , M. Nie , G. Nigmatkulov , T. Niida , L. V. Nogach , T. Nonaka , A. S. Nunes , G. Odyniec , A. Ogawa , S. Oh , V. A. Okorokov , B. S. Page , R. Pak , A. Pandav , Y. Panebratsev , B. Pawlik , D. Pawlowska , H. Pei , C. Perkins , L. Pinsky , R. L. Pintér , J. Pluta , J. Porter , M. Posik , N. K. Pruthi , M. Przybycien , J. Putschke , H. Qiu , A. Quintero , S. K. Radhakrishnan , S. Ramachandran , R. L. Ray , R. Reed , H. G. Ritter , J. B. Roberts , O. V. Rogachevskiy , J. L. Romero , L. Ruan , J. Rusnak , N. R. Sahoo , H. Sako , S. Salur , J. Sandweiss , S. Sato , W. B. Schmidke , N. Schmitz , B. R. Schweid , F. Seck , J. Seger , M. Sergeeva , R. Seto , P. Seyboth , N. Shah , E. Shahaliev , P. V. Shanmuganathan , M. Shao , F. Shen , W. Q. Shen , S. S. Shi , Q. Y. Shou , E. P. Sichtermann , R. Sikora , M. Simko , J. Singh , S. Singha , N. Smirnov , W. Solyst , P. Sorensen , H. M. Spinka , B. Srivastava , T. D. S. Stanislaus , M. Stefaniak , D. J. Stewart , M. Strikhanov , B. Stringfellow , A. A. P. Suaide , M. Sumbera , B. Summa , X. M. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Sun , B. Surrow , D. N. Svirida , P. Szymanski , A. H. Tang , Z. Tang , A. Taranenko , T. Tarnowsky , J. H. Thomas , A. R. Timmins , D. Tlusty , M. Tokarev , C. A. Tomkiel , S. Trentalange , R. E. Tribble , P. Tribedy , S. K. Tripathy , O. D. Tsai , Z. Tu , T. Ullrich , D. G. Underwood , I. Upsal , G. Van Buren , J. Vanek , A. N. Vasiliev , I. Vassiliev , F. Videbæk , S. Vokal , S. A. Voloshin , F. Wang , G. Wang , J. S. Wang , P. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , Z. Wang , J. C. Webb , P. C. Weidenkaff , L. Wen , G. D. Westfall , H. Wieman , S. W. Wissink , R. Witt , Y. Wu , Z. G. Xiao , G. Xie , W. Xie , H. Xu , N. Xu , Q. H. Xu , Y. F. Xu , Y. Xu , Z. Xu , Z. Xu , C. Yang , Q. Yang , S. Yang , Y. Yang , Z. Yang , Z. Ye , Z. Ye , L. Yi , K. Yip , H. Zbroszczyk , W. Zha , C. Zhang , D. Zhang , S. Zhang , S. Zhang , X. P. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Y. Zhang , Z. J. Zhang , Z. Zhang , Z. Zhang , J. Zhao , C. Zhong , C. Zhou , X. Zhu , Z. Zhu , M. Zurek , M. Zyzak

We present measurements of elliptic and triangular azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles detected at forward rapidity $1<|\eta|<3$ in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, as a function of centrality. The multiparticle…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 A. Adare , C. Aidala , N. N. Ajitanand , Y. Akiba , M. Alfred , N. Apadula , H. Asano , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , A. Bagoly , M. Bai , N. S. Bandara , B. Bannier , K. N. Barish , S. Bathe , A. Bazilevsky , M. Beaumier , S. Beckman , R. Belmont , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , D. S. Blau , M. Boer , J. S. Bok , K. Boyle , M. L. Brooks , J. Bryslawskyj , V. Bumazhnov , S. Campbell , V. Canoa Roman , C. -H. Chen , C. Y. Chi , M. Chiu , I. J. Choi , J. B. Choi , T. Chujo , Z. Citron , M. Connors , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. W. Danley , A. Datta , M. S. Daugherity , G. David , K. DeBlasio , K. Dehmelt , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , A. Dion , P. B. Diss , J. H. Do , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , A. Enokizono , S. Esumi , B. Fadem , W. Fan , N. Feege , D. E. Fields , M. Finger , M. Finger, , S. L. Fokin , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , C. Gal , P. Gallus , P. Garg , H. Ge , F. Giordano , A. Glenn , Y. Goto , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , T. Hachiya , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , H. F. Hamilton , S. Y. Han , J. Hanks , S. Hasegawa , T. O. S. Haseler , K. Hashimoto , X. He , T. K. Hemmick , J. C. Hill , K. Hill , A. Hodges , R. S. Hollis , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Hoshino , N. Hotvedt , J. Huang , S. Huang , K. Imai , M. Inaba , A. Iordanova , D. Isenhower , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , M. Jezghani , Z. Ji , J. Jia , X. Jiang , B. M. Johnson , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , S. Kanda , J. H. Kang , D. Kawall , A. V. Kazantsev , J. A. Key , V. Khachatryan , A. Khanzadeev , C. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. -J. Kim , G. W. Kim , M. Kim , B. Kimelman , D. Kincses , E. Kistenev , R. Kitamura , J. Klatsky , D. Kleinjan , P. Kline , T. Koblesky , B. Komkov , D. Kotov , K. Kurita , M. Kurosawa , Y. Kwon , R. Lacey , J. G. Lajoie , A. Lebedev , S. Lee , S. H. Lee , M. J. Leitch , Y. H. Leung , N. A. Lewis , X. Li , X. Li , S. H. Lim , M. X. Liu , S. Lökös , D. Lynch , T. Majoros , Y. I. Makdisi , M. Makek , A. Manion , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , D. McGlinchey , C. McKinney , A. Meles , M. Mendoza , A. C. Mignerey , D. E. Mihalik , A. Milov , D. K. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , G. Mitsuka , S. Miyasaka , S. Mizuno , A. K. Mohanty , P. Montuenga , T. Moon , D. P. Morrison , S. I. Morrow , T. V. Moukhanova , T. Murakami , J. Murata , A. Mwai , K. Nagashima , J. L. Nagle , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , H. Nakagomi , K. Nakano , C. Nattrass , P. K. Netrakanti , T. Niida , S. Nishimura , R. Nouicer , T. Novák , N. Novitzky , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , C. A. Ogilvie , J. D. Orjuela Koop , J. D. Osborn , A. Oskarsson , K. Ozawa , R. Pak , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , J. S. Park , S. Park , S. F. Pate , M. Patel , J. -C. Peng , W. Peng , D. V. Perepelitsa , G. D. N. Perera , D. Yu. Peressounko , C. E. PerezLara , J. Perry , R. Petti , C. Pinkenburg , R. Pinson , R. P. Pisani , M. L. Purschke , P. V. Radzevich , J. Rak , B. J. Ramson , I. Ravinovich , K. F. Read , D. Reynolds , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , D. Richford , T. Rinn , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , Z. Rowan , J. G. Rubin , J. Runchey , B. Sahlmueller , N. Saito , T. Sakaguchi , H. Sako , V. Samsonov , M. Sarsour , S. Sato , B. Schaefer , B. K. Schmoll , K. Sedgwick , R. Seidl , A. Sen , R. Seto , P. Sett , A. Sexton , D. Sharma , I. Shein , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. J. Skoby , M. Slunečka , M. Snowball , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , P. W. Stankus , M. Stepanov , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , T. Sumita , J. Sun , Z Sun , Z. Sun , J. Sziklai , A. Taketani , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , R. Tieulent , A. Timilsina , T. Todoroki , M. Tomášek , C. L. Towell , R. Towell , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Ueda , B. Ujvari , H. W. van Hecke , J. Velkovska , M. Virius , V. Vrba , X. R. Wang , Y. Watanabe , Y. S. Watanabe , F. Wei , A. S. White , C. P. Wong , C. L. Woody , M. Wysocki , B. Xia , C. Xu , Q. Xu , L. Xue , S. Yalcin , Y. L. Yamaguchi , A. Yanovich , J. H. Yoo , I. Yoon , H. Yu , I. E. Yushmanov , W. A. Zajc , A. Zelenski , S. Zharko , S. Zhou , L. Zou

We analyze the second Fourier coefficient $v_2$ of the pion azimuthal distribution in non-central heavy-ion collisions in a relativistic hydrodynamic model. The exact treatment of the decay kinematics of resonances leads to almost vanishing…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-06 Tetsufumi Hirano

We review recent progress in applying relativistic hydrodynamics to the modeling of heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC, with emphasis on anisotropic flow and flow fluctuations.

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-15 Jean-Yves Ollitrault , Fernando G. Gardim

Anisotropic flow of hadrons is studied in heavy ion collisions at SPS and RHIC energies within the microscopic quark-gluon string model. The model was found to reproduce correctly many of the flow features, e.g., the wiggle structure of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-25 E. Zabrodin , L. Bravina , C. Fuchs , A. Faessler

Correlation measurements imply that anisotropic flow in nuclear collisions includes a novel triangular component along with the more familiar elliptic-flow contribution. Triangular flow has been attributed to event-wise fluctuations in the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-05-30 Sean Gavin , George Moschelli