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Nuclear modifications to collinear parton distribution functions are conventionally quantified by the ratios $ r^{\textrm{A}}_i(x,Q^2) = f^\textrm{A,proton}_i(x,Q^2) / f^\textrm{proton}_i(x,Q^2) $. For a given nucleus $A$, these ratios…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-10-13 Meng-Quan Yang , Peng Ru , Ben-Wei Zhang

In proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collision experiments, one determines the centrality of a collision according to the multiplicity or energy deposited in a detector. This serves as a proxy for the true collision centrality, as defined…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-08-03 Rudolph Rogly , Giuliano Giacalone , Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We propose methods to reconstruct particle distributions with and without considering initial volume fluctuations. This approach enables us to correct for detector efficiencies and initial volume fluctuations simultaneously. Our study…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2020-12-02 ShinIchi Esumi , Kana Nakagawa , Toshihiro Nonaka

Higher order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthally dependent single particle spectra resulting from noncentral heavy ion collisions are investigated. For intermediate to large transverse momenta, these anisotropies are expected to become…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Peter F. Kolb

The spatial distribution of interactions in high energy collisions of heavy nuclei is discussed using the wounded nucleon, binary collision, hard sphere, and colliding disk parameterizations of interaction densities. The mean radius, its…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter Jacobs , Glenn Cooper

The discussion is focused on the study of the fundamental symmetries ($\mathcal{P/CP}$) of QCD and geometry of the particle source. The combination of correlators corresponding to the absolute asymmetry of distribution of electrically…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2016-08-22 V. A. Okorokov

The PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has measured 2nd and 3rd order Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal distributions of direct photons emitted at midrapidity in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV for…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 A. Adare , S. Afanasiev , C. Aidala , N. N. Ajitanand , Y. Akiba , R. Akimoto , H. Al-Bataineh , J. Alexander , M. Alfred , H. Al-Ta'ani , A. Angerami , K. Aoki , N. Apadula , Y. Aramaki , H. Asano , E. C. Aschenauer , E. T. Atomssa , R. Averbeck , T. C. Awes , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , M. Bai , G. Baksay , L. Baksay , N. S. Bandara , B. Bannier , K. N. Barish , B. Bassalleck , A. T. Basye , S. Bathe , V. Baublis , C. Baumann , S. Baumgart , A. Bazilevsky , M. Beaumier , S. Beckman , S. Belikov , R. Belmont , R. Bennett , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , A. A. Bickley , D. S. Blau , J. S. Bok , K. Boyle , M. L. Brooks , J. Bryslawskyj , H. Buesching , V. Bumazhnov , G. Bunce , S. Butsyk , C. M. Camacho , S. Campbell , P. Castera , C. -H. Chen , C. Y. Chi , M. Chiu , I. J. Choi , J. B. Choi , S. Choi , R. K. Choudhury , P. Christiansen , T. Chujo , P. Chung , O. Chvala , V. Cianciolo , Z. Citron , B. A. Cole , M. Connors , P. Constantin , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. Dahms , S. Dairaku , I. Danchev , D. Danley , K. Das , A. Datta , M. S. Daugherity , G. David , K. DeBlasio , K. Dehmelt , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , K. V. Dharmawardane , O. Dietzsch , L. Ding , A. Dion , P. B. Diss , J. H. Do , M. Donadelli , L. D'Orazio , O. Drapier , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , D. Dutta , S. Edwards , Y. V. Efremenko , F. Ellinghaus , T. Engelmore , A. Enokizono , H. En'yo , S. Esumi , K. O. Eyser , B. Fadem , N. Feege , D. E. Fields , M. Finger , M. Finger, , F. Fleuret , S. L. Fokin , Z. Fraenkel , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , K. Fujiwara , Y. Fukao , T. Fusayasu , K. Gainey , C. Gal , P. Gallus , P. Garg , A. Garishvili , I. Garishvili , H. Ge , F. Giordano , A. Glenn , H. Gong , X. Gong , M. Gonin , Y. Goto , R. Granier de Cassagnac , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , L. Guo , H. -Å. Gustafsson , T. Hachiya , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , J. Hamblen , H. F. Hamilton , R. Han , S. Y. Han , J. Hanks , E. P. Hartouni , S. Hasegawa , T. O. S. Haseler , K. Hashimoto , E. Haslum , R. Hayano , X. He , M. Heffner , T. K. Hemmick , T. Hester , J. C. Hill , M. Hohlmann , R. S. Hollis , W. Holzmann , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Horaguchi , Y. Hori , D. Hornback , T. Hoshino , N. Hotvedt , J. Huang , S. Huang , T. Ichihara , R. Ichimiya , J. Ide , H. Iinuma , Y. Ikeda , K. Imai , J. Imrek , M. Inaba , A. Iordanova , D. Isenhower , M. Ishihara , T. Isobe , M. Issah , A. Isupov , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , M. Javani , M. Jezghani , J. Jia , X. Jiang , J. Jin , B. M. Johnson , K. S. Joo , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , F. Kajihara , S. Kametani , N. Kamihara , J. Kamin , S. Kanda , S. Kaneti , B. H. Kang , J. H. Kang , J. S. Kang , J. Kapustinsky , K. Karatsu , M. Kasai , D. Kawall , M. Kawashima , A. V. Kazantsev , T. Kempel , J. A. Key , V. Khachatryan , A. Khanzadeev , K. M. Kijima , B. I. Kim , C. Kim , D. H. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. Kim , E. -J. Kim , G. W. Kim , H. J. Kim , K. -B. Kim , M. Kim , S. H. Kim , Y. -J. Kim , Y. K. Kim , B. Kimelman , E. Kinney , K. Kiriluk , Á. Kiss , E. Kistenev , R. Kitamura , J. Klatsky , D. Kleinjan , P. Kline , T. Koblesky , L. Kochenda , Y. Komatsu , B. Komkov , M. Konno , J. Koster , D. Kotchetkov , D. Kotov , A. Kozlov , A. Král , A. Kravitz , F. Krizek , G. J. Kunde , K. Kurita , M. Kurosawa , Y. Kwon , G. S. Kyle , R. Lacey , Y. S. Lai , J. G. Lajoie , A. Lebedev , B. Lee , D. M. Lee , J. Lee , K. Lee , K. B. Lee , K. S. Lee , S Lee , S. H. Lee , S. R. Lee , M. J. Leitch , M. A. L. Leite , M. Leitgab , E. Leitner , B. Lenzi , B. Lewis , X. Li , P. Liebing , S. H. Lim , L. A. Linden Levy , T. Liška , A. Litvinenko , H. Liu , M. X. Liu , B. Love , R. Luechtenborg , D. Lynch , C. F. Maguire , Y. I. Makdisi , M. Makek , A. Malakhov , M. D. Malik , A. Manion , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , Y. Mao , H. Masui , S. Masumoto , F. Matathias , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , D. McGlinchey , C. McKinney , N. Means , A. Meles , M. Mendoza , B. Meredith , Y. Miake , T. Mibe , A. C. Mignerey , P. Mikeš , K. Miki , A. Milov , D. K. Mishra , M. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , Y. Miyachi , S. Miyasaka , S. Mizuno , A. K. Mohanty , S. Mohapatra , P. Montuenga , H. J. Moon , T. Moon , Y. Morino , A. Morreale , D. P. Morrison , S. Motschwiller , T. V. Moukhanova , T. Murakami , J. Murata , A. Mwai , T. Nagae , S. Nagamiya , K. Nagashima , J. L. Nagle , M. Naglis , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , H. Nakagomi , Y. Nakamiya , K. R. Nakamura , T. Nakamura , K. Nakano , C. Nattrass , A. Nederlof , P. K. Netrakanti , J. Newby , M. Nguyen , M. Nihashi , T. Niida , S. Nishimura , R. Nouicer , T. Novak , N. Novitzky , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , S. X. Oda , C. A. Ogilvie , M. Oka , K. Okada , Y. Onuki , J. D. Orjuela Koop , J. D. Osborn , A. Oskarsson , M. Ouchida , K. Ozawa , R. Pak , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , B. H. Park , I. H. Park , J. Park , J. S. Park , S. Park , S. K. Park , W. J. Park , S. F. Pate , L. Patel , M. Patel , H. Pei , J. -C. Peng , H. Pereira , D. V. Perepelitsa , G. D. N. Perera , V. Peresedov , D. Yu. Peressounko , J. Perry , R. Petti , C. Pinkenburg , R. Pinson , R. P. Pisani , M. Proissl , M. L. Purschke , A. K. Purwar , H. Qu , J. Rak , A. Rakotozafindrabe , B. J. Ramson , I. Ravinovich , K. F. Read , K. Reygers , D. Reynolds , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , E. Richardson , T. Rinn , D. Roach , G. Roche , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , C. A. Rosen , S. S. E. Rosendahl , P. Rosnet , Z. Rowan , J. G. Rubin , P. Rukoyatkin , P. Ružička , B. Sahlmueller , N. Saito , T. Sakaguchi , K. Sakashita , H. Sako , V. Samsonov , M. Sano , S. Sano , M. Sarsour , S. Sato , T. Sato , S. Sawada , B. Schaefer , B. K. Schmoll , K. Sedgwick , J. Seele , R. Seidl , A. Yu. Semenov , A. Sen , R. Seto , P. Sett , A. Sexton , D. Sharma , I. Shein , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , K. Shoji , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , C. Silvestre , K. S. Sim , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. Slunečka , M. Snowball , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , N. A. Sparks , P. W. Stankus , E. Stenlund , M. Stepanov , A. Ster , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , T. Sumita , J. Sun , J. Sziklai , E. M. Takagui , A. Takahara , A. Taketani , R. Tanabe , Y. Tanaka , S. Taneja , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , P. Tarján , E. Tennant , H. Themann , T. L. Thomas , R. Tieulent , A. Timilsina , T. Todoroki , M. Togawa , A. Toia , L. Tomášek , M. Tomášek , H. Torii , C. L. Towell , R. Towell , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Tsuchimoto , T. Tsuji , C. Vale , H. Valle , H. W. van Hecke , M. Vargyas , E. Vazquez-Zambrano , A. Veicht , J. Velkovska , R. Vértesi , A. A. Vinogradov , M. Virius , A. Vossen , V. Vrba , E. Vznuzdaev , X. R. Wang , D. Watanabe , K. Watanabe , Y. Watanabe , Y. S. Watanabe , F. Wei , R. Wei , J. Wessels , A. S. White , S. N. White , D. Winter , S. Wolin , J. P. Wood , C. L. Woody , R. M. Wright , M. Wysocki , B. Xia , W. Xie , L. Xue , S. Yalcin , Y. L. Yamaguchi , K. Yamaura , R. Yang , A. Yanovich , J. Ying , S. Yokkaichi , J. H. Yoo , I. Yoon , Z. You , G. R. Young , I. Younus , H. Yu , I. E. Yushmanov , W. A. Zajc , A. Zelenski , C. Zhang , S. Zhou , L. Zolin , L. Zou

Anisotropies in the initial energy density distribution of the quark-gluon plasma created in high energy heavy ion collisions lead to anisotropies in the azimuthal distributions of the final-state particles known as collective flow. Fourier…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2020-07-03 CMS Collaboration

Differential measurements of charged particle azimuthal anisotropy are presented for lead-lead collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, based on an integrated luminosity of approximately 8 mb^-1. This…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2013-06-25 ATLAS Collaboration

A study of eccentricity ($\varepsilon_{n}$) fluctuations and its possible impact on final state momentum anisotropy ($v_{n}$) for symmetric collisions are presented in the framework of Glauber model. Effect of fluctuations of nucleon's…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-08-20 Md Nasim

We use the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model with a momentum-dependent nuclear mean field to simulate the dynamical evolution of heavy ion collisions. We re-examine the azimuthal anisotropy observable, proposed as sensitive to the equation…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Jianming Zhang , Charles Gale

In the particles produced in a nuclear collision undergo collective flow, the reaction plane can in principle be determined through a global event analysis. We show here that collective flow can be identified by evaluating the reaction…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-11-13 Jean-Yves Ollitrault

We study nuclear dependences of azimuthal asymmetries in the Drell-Yan lepton pair production in nucleon-nucleus collisions with polarized nucleons.We use the "maximal two-gluon correlation approximation", so that we can relate the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-01-27 Long Chen , Jian-hua Gao , Zuo-tang Liang

Collisions of identical nuclei at finite impact parameter have an unequal number of participating nucleons from each nucleus due to fluctuations. The event-by-event fluctuations have been estimated by measuring the difference of energy in…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2016-11-23 Rashmi Raniwala

The azimuthal anisotropy due to path-length dependent jet energy loss is studied in a simple jet absorption model that include event by event fluctuating Glauber geometry. Significant anisotropy coefficients v_n are observed for n=1,2 and…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-06-12 Jiangyong Jia

The results from the STAR Collaboration on directed flow (v_1), elliptic flow (v_2), and the fourth harmonic (v_4) in the anisotropic azimuthal distribution of particles from Au+Au collisions at sqrtsNN = 200 GeV are summarized and compared…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2012-08-27 STAR Collaboration

Scattered neutron spectroscopy is a diagnostic technique commonly used to measure areal density in ICF experiments. Deleterious areal density asymmetries modify the shape of the scattered neutron spectrum. In this work a novel analysis is…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2021-12-15 Aidan Crilly , Brian Appelbe , Owen Mannion , Chad Forrest , Jeremy Chittenden

The number of particles detected in a nucleus-nucleus collision strongly depends on the impact parameter of the collision. Therefore, multiplicity fluctuations, as well as rapidity correlations of multiplicities, are dominated by impact…

We consider the two dimensional quantitative imaging problem of recovering a radiative source inside an absorbing and scattering medium from knowledge of the outgoing radiation measured at the boundary. The medium has an anisotropic…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-01-21 Hiroshi Fujiwara , Kamran Sadiq , Alexandru Tamasan

We present the first results of a comprehensive microscopic approach to describe nucleus-nucleus elastic collisions by means of an optical potential derived at first order in multiple-scattering theory and computed by folding the projectile…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-01-07 Matteo Vorabbi , Michael Gennari , Paolo Finelli , Carlotta Giusti , Petr Navrátil