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Hard processes in nucleus-nucleus interactions at relativistic energies are reviewed with emphasis on recent PHENIX results from the first run of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at BNL. The observed suppression of moderately high $p_T$…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2019-08-14 David G. d'Enterria

During the early development of Quantum Chromodynamics, it was proposed that baryon number could be carried by a non-perturbative Y-shaped topology of gluon fields, called the gluon junction, rather than by the valence quarks as in the QCD…

QCD predicts a phase transition between hadronic matter and a Quark Gluon Plasma at high energy density. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a new facility dedicated to the experimental study of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Peter Jacobs

Different regions on the QCD phase diagram can be investigated by varying the collision energy and the centrality in heavy-ion collisions. In our latest measurements at the PHENIX experiment at RHIC, we utilize L\'evy-type sources to…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-11-26 Daniel Kincses

Results on charged particle production in p+p, d+Au and Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies (sqrt(s_NN) = 19.6 to 200 GeV) are presented. The data exhibit remarkable, and simple, scaling behaviors, the most prominent of which are discussed.

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-14 David J. Hofman

We suggest to use net-baryon rapidity distributions in central relativistic heavy-ion collisions at SPS, RHIC and LHC energies in order to probe saturation physics. Within the color glass condensate framework based on small-coupling QCD,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-18 Yacine Mehtar-Tani , Georg Wolschin

We present the first results using the STAR detector from the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC). In this program, Au ion collisions at center of mass energies (\sqrt{s_{NN}}) of 7.7, 11.5 and 39…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-05-28 Bedangadas Mohanty

This article reviews several important results from RHIC experiments and discusses their implications. They were obtained in a unique environment for studying QCD matter at temperatures and densities that exceed the limits wherein hadrons…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2016-04-01 Rachid Nouicer

The hadronic phase in heavy-ion collisions plays a crucial role in shaping the final-state hadron abundances. In this work, we study Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV using the Hadron Resonance Gas model in Partial…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-01-29 Rishabh Sharma , Chitrasen Jena , Volodymyr Vovchenko

The Beam Energy Scan program has been undertaken at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to search for the QCD critical point. The presence of the critical point is expected to lead to non-monotonic behavior of several quantities.…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2011-01-27 Nihar Ranjan Sahoo

High pT hadrons produced in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC probe nuclear matter at extreme conditions of high energy density. Experimental measurements in Au+Au collisions at \sqrtsNN=130, 200 GeV establish the existence of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2017-08-23 K. Filimonov

This article is based on my Proceedings for the 47th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics on the Most Unexpected at LHC and the Status of High Energy Frontier, Erice, Sicily, Italy, 2009. Results from the PHENIX…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2014-06-04 M. J. Tannenbaum

The first Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at sqrts_NN = 5.52 TeV are imminent. Heavy ion collisions at the LHC provide an extended energy lever arm to the existing measurements made at RHIC and SPS, especially in hard…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-06-15 N. Grau

One of the most remarkable observations in heavy-ion collisions is the systematic regularity exhibited by pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles across collision energies. While single-source models fail at higher energies and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-12-02 Neeraj , Md. Kaosar Ali Mondal , Amal Sarkar

Substantial experimental and theoretical efforts worldwide are devoted to explore the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter. At LHC and top RHIC energies, QCD matter is studied at very high temperatures and nearly vanishing…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2017-03-30 CBM Collaboration , T. Ablyazimov , A. Abuhoza , R. P. Adak , M. Adamczyk , K. Agarwal , M. M. Aggarwal , Z. Ahammed , F. Ahmad , N. Ahmad , S. Ahmad , A. Akindinov , P. Akishin , E. Akishina , T. Akishina , V. Akishina , A. Akram , M. Al-Turany , I. Alekseev , E. Alexandrov , I. Alexandrov , S. Amar-Youcef , M. Anđelić , O. Andreeva , C. Andrei , A. Andronic , Yu. Anisimov , H. Appelshäuser , D. Argintaru , E. Atkin , S. Avdeev , R. Averbeck , M. D. Azmi , V. Baban , M. Bach , E. Badura , S. Bähr , T. Balog , M. Balzer , E. Bao , N. Baranova , T. Barczyk , D. Bartoş , S. Bashir , M. Baszczyk , O. Batenkov , V. Baublis , M. Baznat , J. Becker , K. -H. Becker , S. Belogurov , D. Belyakov , J. Bendarouach , I. Berceanu , A. Bercuci , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , R. Berendes , G. Berezin , C. Bergmann , D. Bertini , O. Bertini , C. Beşliu , O. Bezshyyko , P. P. Bhaduri , A. Bhasin , A. K. Bhati , B. Bhattacharjee , A. Bhattacharyya , T. K. Bhattacharyya , S. Biswas , T. Blank , D. Blau , V. Blinov , C. Blume , Yu. Bocharov , J. Book , T. Breitner , U. Brüning , J. Brzychczyk , A. Bubak , H. Büsching , T. Bus , V. Butuzov , A. Bychkov , A. Byszuk , Xu Cai , M. Cálin , Ping Cao , G. Caragheorgheopol , I. Carević , V. Cătănescu , A. Chakrabarti , S. Chattopadhyay , A. Chaus , Hongfang Chen , LuYao Chen , Jianping Cheng , V. Chepurnov , H. Cherif , A. Chernogorov , M. I. Ciobanu , G. Claus , F. Constantin , M. Csanád , N. D'Ascenzo , Supriya Das , Susovan Das , J. de Cuveland , B. Debnath , D. Dementiev , Wendi Deng , Zhi Deng , H. Deppe , I. Deppner , O. Derenovskaya , C. A. Deveaux , M. Deveaux , K. Dey , M. Dey , P. Dillenseger , V. Dobyrn , D. Doering , Sheng Dong , A. Dorokhov , M. Dreschmann , A. Drozd , A. K. Dubey , S. Dubnichka , Z. Dubnichkova , M. Dürr , L. Dutka , M. Dželalija , V. V. Elsha , D. Emschermann , H. Engel , V. Eremin , T. Eşanu , J. Eschke , D. Eschweiler , Huanhuan Fan , Xingming Fan , M. Farooq , O. Fateev , Shengqin Feng , S. P. D. Figuli , I. Filozova , D. Finogeev , P. Fischer , H. Flemming , J. Förtsch , U. Frankenfeld , V. Friese , E. Friske , I. Fröhlich , J. Frühauf , J. Gajda , T. Galatyuk , G. Gangopadhyay , C. García Chávez , J. Gebelein , P. Ghosh , S. K. Ghosh , S. Gläßel , M. Goffe , L. Golinka-Bezshyyko , V. Golovatyuk , S. Golovnya , V. Golovtsov , M. Golubeva , D. Golubkov , A. Gómez Ramírez , S. Gorbunov , S. Gorokhov , D. Gottschalk , P. Gryboś , A. Grzeszczuk , F. Guber , K. Gudima , M. Gumiński , A. Gupta , Yu. Gusakov , Dong Han , H. Hartmann , Shue He , J. Hehner , N. Heine , A. Herghelegiu , N. Herrmann , B. Heß , J. M. Heuser , A. Himmi , C. Höhne , R. Holzmann , Dongdong Hu , Guangming Huang , Xinjie Huang , D. Hutter , A. Ierusalimov , E. -M. Ilgenfritz , M. Irfan , D. Ivanischev , M. Ivanov , P. Ivanov , Valery Ivanov , Victor Ivanov , Vladimir Ivanov , A. Ivashkin , K. Jaaskelainen , H. Jahan , V. Jain , V. Jakovlev , T. Janson , Di Jiang , A. Jipa , I. Kadenko , P. Kähler , B. Kämpfer , V. Kalinin , J. Kallunkathariyil , K. -H. Kampert , E. Kaptur , R. Karabowicz , O. Karavichev , T. Karavicheva , D. Karmanov , V. Karnaukhov , E. Karpechev , K. Kasiński , G. Kasprowicz , M. Kaur , A. Kazantsev , U. Kebschull , G. Kekelidze , M. M. Khan , S. A. Khan , A. Khanzadeev , F. Khasanov , A. Khvorostukhin , V. Kirakosyan , M. Kirejczyk , A. Kiryakov , M. Kiš , I. Kisel , P. Kisel , S. Kiselev , T. Kiss , P. Klaus , R. Kłeczek , Ch. Klein-Bösing , V. Kleipa , V. Klochkov , P. Kmon , K. Koch , L. Kochenda , P. Koczoń , W. Koenig , M. Kohn , B. W. Kolb , A. Kolosova , B. Komkov , M. Korolev , I. Korolko , R. Kotte , A. Kovalchuk , S. Kowalski , M. Koziel , G. Kozlov , V. Kozlov , V. Kramarenko , P. Kravtsov , E. Krebs , C. Kreidl , I. Kres , D. Kresan , G. Kretschmar , M. Krieger , A. V. Kryanev , E. Kryshen , M. Kuc , W. Kucewicz , V. Kucher , L. Kudin , A. Kugler , Ajit Kumar , Ashwini Kumar , L. Kumar , J. Kunkel , A. Kurepin , N. Kurepin , A. Kurilkin , P. Kurilkin , V. Kushpil , S. Kuznetsov , V. Kyva , V. Ladygin , C. Lara , P. Larionov , A. Laso García , E. Lavrik , I. Lazanu , A. Lebedev , S. Lebedev , E. Lebedeva , J. Lehnert , J. Lehrbach , Y. Leifels , F. Lemke , Cheng Li , Qiyan Li , Xin Li , Yuanjing Li , V. Lindenstruth , B. Linnik , Feng Liu , I. Lobanov , E. Lobanova , S. Löchner , P. -A. Loizeau , S. A. Lone , J. A. Lucio Martínez , Xiaofeng Luo , A. Lymanets , Pengfei Lyu , A. Maevskaya , S. Mahajan , D. P. Mahapatra , T. Mahmoud , P. Maj , Z. Majka , A. Malakhov , E. Malankin , D. Malkevich , O. Malyatina , H. Malygina , M. M. Mandal , S. Mandal , V. Manko , S. Manz , A. M. Marin Garcia , J. Markert , S. Masciocchi , T. Matulewicz , L. Meder , M. Merkin , V. Mialkovski , J. Michel , N. Miftakhov , L. Mik , K. Mikhailov , V. Mikhaylov , B. Milanović , V. Militsija , D. Miskowiec , I. Momot , T. Morhardt , S. Morozov , W. F. J. Müller , C. Müntz , S. Mukherjee , C. E. Muńoz Castillo , Yu. Murin , R. Najman , C. Nandi , E. Nandy , L. Naumann , T. Nayak , A. Nedosekin , V. S. Negi , W. Niebur , V. Nikulin , D. Normanov , A. Oancea , Kunsu Oh , Yu. Onishchuk , G. Ososkov , P. Otfinowski , E. Ovcharenko , S. Pal , I. Panasenko , N. R. Panda , S. Parzhitskiy , V. Patel , C. Pauly , M. Penschuck , D. Peshekhonov , V. Peshekhonov , V. Petráček , M. Petri , M. Petriş , A. Petrovici , M. Petrovici , A. Petrovskiy , O. Petukhov , D. Pfeifer , K. Piasecki , J. Pieper , J. Pietraszko , R. Płaneta , V. Plotnikov , V. Plujko , J. Pluta , A. Pop , V. Pospisil , K. Poźniak , A. Prakash , S. K. Prasad , M. Prokudin , I. Pshenichnov , M. Pugach , V. Pugatch , S. Querchfeld , S. Rabtsun , L. Radulescu , S. Raha , F. Rami , R. Raniwala , S. Raniwala , A. Raportirenko , J. Rautenberg , J. Rauza , R. Ray , S. Razin , P. Reichelt , S. Reinecke , A. Reinefeld , A. Reshetin , C. Ristea , O. Ristea , A. Rodriguez Rodriguez , F. Roether , R. Romaniuk , A. Rost , E. Rostchin , I. Rostovtseva , Amitava Roy , Ankhi Roy , J. Rożynek , Yu. Ryabov , A. Sadovsky , R. Sahoo , P. K. Sahu , S. K. Sahu , J. Saini , S. Samanta , S. S. Sambyal , V. Samsonov , J. Sánchez Rosado , O. Sander , S. Sarangi , T. Satława , S. Sau , V. Saveliev , S. Schatral , C. Schiaua , F. Schintke , C. J. Schmidt , H. R. Schmidt , K. Schmidt , J. Scholten , K. Schweda , F. Seck , S. Seddiki , I. Selyuzhenkov , A. Semennikov , A. Senger , P. Senger , A. Shabanov , A. Shabunov , Ming Shao , A. D. Sheremetiev , Shusu Shi , N. Shumeiko , V. Shumikhin , I. Sibiryak , B. Sikora , A. Simakov , C. Simon , C. Simons , R. N. Singaraju , A. K. Singh , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singhal , M. Singla , P. Sitzmann , K. Siwek-Wilczyńska , L. Škoda , I. Skwira-Chalot , I. Som , Guofeng Song , Jihye Song , Z. Sosin , D. Soyk , P. Staszel , M. Strikhanov , S. Strohauer , J. Stroth , C. Sturm , R. Sultanov , Yongjie Sun , D. Svirida , O. Svoboda , A. Szabó , R. Szczygieł , R. Talukdar , Zebo Tang , M. Tanha , J. Tarasiuk , O. Tarassenkova , M. -G. Târzilă , M. Teklishyn , T. Tischler , P. Tlustý , T. Tölyhi , A. Toia , N. Topil'skaya , M. Träger , S. Tripathy , I. Tsakov , Yu. Tsyupa , A. Turowiecki , N. G. Tuturas , F. Uhlig , E. Usenko , I. Valin , D. Varga , I. Vassiliev , O. Vasylyev , E. Verbitskaya , W. Verhoeven , A. Veshikov , R. Visinka , Y. P. Viyogi , S. Volkov , A. Volochniuk , A. Vorobiev , Aleksey Voronin , Alexander Voronin , V. Vovchenko , M. Vznuzdaev , Dong Wang , Xi-Wei Wang , Yaping Wang , Yi Wang , M. Weber , C. Wendisch , J. P. Wessels , M. Wiebusch , J. Wiechula , D. Wielanek , A. Wieloch , A. Wilms , N. Winckler , M. Winter , K. Wiśniewski , Gy. Wolf , Sanguk Won , Ke-Jun Wu , J. Wüstenfeld , Changzhou Xiang , Nu Xu , Junfeng Yang , Rongxing Yang , Zhongbao Yin , In-Kwon Yoo , B. Yuldashev , I. Yushmanov , W. Zabołotny , Yu. Zaitsev , N. I. Zamiatin , Yu. Zanevsky , M. Zhalov , Yifei Zhang , Yu Zhang , Lei Zhao , Jiajun Zheng , Sheng Zheng , Daicui Zhou , Jing Zhou , Xianglei Zhu , A. Zinchenko , W. Zipper , M. Żoładź , P. Zrelov , V. Zryuev , P. Zumbruch , M. Zyzak

I briefly describe the initial goals of relativistic nuclear collisions research, focusing on the LBL Bevatron/Bevalac facility in the 1970's. An early concept of high hadronic density fireball formation, and subsequent isentropic decay…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2009-11-10 Reinhard Stock

Large transverse momentum jets provide unique tools to study dense QCD matter in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. Results from RHIC on suppression of high transverse momentum particles in Au+Au collisions indicate a significant energy loss…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 Christof Roland , Gábor I. Veres , Krisztián Krajczár

We suggest to explore an entirely new method to experimentally and theoretically study the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter based on the triple nuclear collisions (TNC). We simulated the TNC using the UrQMD 3.4 model at the beam…

Theoretical models suggest that the Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) phase diagram has a critical point demarcating the order of transition between the two phases: the hadron gas, in which the quarks are confined and the Quark-Gluon Plasma…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 Debasish Das