Related papers: Has the Quark-Gluon Plasma been seen?
This is a short survey of signatures and characteristics of the quark-gluon plasma in the light of experimental results that have been obtained over the past three decades. In particular, we present an in-depth discussion of the strangeness…
With the advent of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Heavy Ion Physics will enter a new energy regime. The question is whether the signatures proposed for the discovery of a phase transition…
Theoretical studies on the early-time dynamics in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions are reviewed including pedagogical introductions on the initial condition with small-x gluons treated as a color glass condensate, the bottom-up…
We present the historical antecedents to the field of relativistic heavy ion physics, beginning with early attempts to model the strong interaction and ending with the endorsement of a relativistic heavy ion collider in the 1983 U.S.…
The main physics results obtained by the CMS experiment during the first three years of operation of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (2010--2013, aka. Run 1) are summarized. The advances in our understanding of the fundamental particles and…
The relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) was constructed to achieve an asymptotic state of nuclear matter in heavy ion collisions, a near-ideal gas of deconfined quarks and gluons denoted quark-gluon plasma or QGP. RHIC collisions are…
This is a review of the physics prospects for relativistic heavy ion collisions in the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The motivation for the study of superdense matter created in relativistic heavy ion collision is the prospect of observing a…
The heavy ion (HI) program at the LHC has proven to be a successful and indispensable part of the LHC physics program. Its chief aim had been the detailed characterization of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in lead-lead collisions. Using…
The diffusion of heavy quarks through the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) as produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions has long been recognized as an excellent probe of its transport properties. In addition, the experimentally observed…
The quark-gluon plasma produced by collisions between ultra-relativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Non-central collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system…
In this lecture, we give a brief review of what theorists now know, understand, or guess about static and kinetic properties of quark--gluon plasma. A particular attention is payed to the problem of physical observability, i.e. the physical…
The quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions has exhibited properties of a mostly perfect fluid. These properties can be observed through the hydrodynamic expansion of the QGP. Experimentally, this was…
Anisotropic flow is recognized as one of the main observables providing information on the early dynamics in heavy-ion collisions. The large elliptic flow observed at RHIC is considered to be evidence for almost perfect liquid behavior of…
The PHOBOS experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has collected a large dataset of Au+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au and p+p collisions in the center of mass energy range spanning from 19 GeV/nucleon to 200 GeV/nucleon. The almost full…
Over the past 30 years, jet observables have proven to provide important information about the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collisions. I review the challenges, results, and open problems of jet physics in heavy-ion collisions,…
In this work we review what we consider are, some of the most relevant results of heavy-ion physics at the LHC. This paper is not intended to cover all the many important results of the experiments, instead we present a brief overview of…
Jet quenching serves as a key probes of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions. This proceedings presents recent results from RHIC and LHC on jet energy loss, acoplanarity, and the flavour and path-length dependence of Parton…
The study of high energy nuclear collisions has entered a new stage with RHIC; it therefore seems a good time to ask what we have learned from the experimental results obtained up to now. I recall what we had expected to find when the SPS…
Radial and elliptic flow in non-central heavy ion collisions can constrain the effective Equation of State(EoS) of the excited nuclear matter. To this end, a model combining relativistic hydrodynamics and a hadronic transport code(RQMD…
The physics goals that will be addressed by colliding polarized protons at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are described. The RHIC spin program provides a new generation of experiments that will unfold the quark, anti-quark and…