Related papers: Beyond Complex Numbers
Natural numbers satisfying an unusual property are mentioned by the author in [5], in which their infinitude is also proved. In this paper, we start with an arbitrary natural number which is not a multiple of 10 and non-palindromic, form…
Many NP-complete problems take integers as part of their input instances. These input integers are generally binarized, that is, provided in the form of the "binary" numeral representation, and the lengths of such binary forms are used as a…
The question of integer complexity asks about the minimal number of $1$'s that are needed to express a positive integer using only addition and multiplication (and parentheses). In this paper, we propose the notion of $l$-complexity of…
Sumterms are introduced as syntactic entities, and sumtuples are introduced as semantic entities. Equipped with these concepts a new description is obtained of the notion of a sum as (the name for) a role which can be played by a number.…
In this paper, we present a comprehensive system for the treatment of the topic of limits--conceptually, computationally, and formally. The system addresses fundamental linguistic flaws in the standard presentation of limits, which attempts…
We investigate the properties of arithmetic differentiation, an attempt to adapt the notion of differentiation to the integers by preserving the Leibniz rule, (ab)' = a'b + ab'. This has proved to be a very rich topic with many different…
Within the framework of computable infinitary continuous logic, we develop a system of hyperarithmetic numerals. These numerals are infinitary sentences in a metric language $L$ that have the same truth value in every interpretation of $L$.…
For an integer $b\geq 2$, a positive integer is called a $b$-Niven number if it is a multiple of the sum of the digits in its base-$b$ representation. In this article, we show that every arithmetic progression contains infinitely many…
A set of objects is to be divided fairly among agents with different tastes, modeled by additive utility-functions. If we consider the objects as indivisible, many instances of the decision problem: ``Is there a fair division of the objects…
Remark.9 in Bose-Dasgupta-Rubin (2002) review states that when a non-negative integer-valued infinitely divisible law has an atom at unity then its support cannot have any gaps. Here one has two questions. (i) Why there are no gaps and (ii)…
We give a possible explanation for the mystery of a missing number in the statement of a problem that asks for the non-negative integers to be partitioned into three subsets. We interpret the missing number as one of the clues that can lead…
In this paper, we chronologically recount several situations that have contributed to the development and formalization of the objects known as imaginary or complex numbers. We will begin by introducing the earliest documented knowing for…
In this article, we introduce the concepts of excision and idealization for a multiplicative Lie algebra (also for a Lie algebra), which provides two new multiplicative Lie algebras (or Lie algebras) from a given multiplicative Lie algebra…
We believe we have made progress in the age-old problem of divisibility rules for integers. Universal divisibility rule is introduced for any divisor in any base number system. The divisibility criterion is written down explicitly as a…
Motivated by the problem of finding finite versions of classical incompleteness theorems, we present some conjectures that go beyond ${\bf NP\neq co NP}$. These conjectures formally connect computational complexity with the difficulty of…
A number has the "collective" property if the number is the greatest lower bound of a bounded, strictly decreasing sequence on the real line. We prove that numbers with the collective property constitute an empty set.
A set A of positive integers is called a perfect difference set if every nonzero integer has an unique representation as the difference of two elements of A. We construct dense perfect difference sets from dense Sidon sets. As a consequence…
The vast use of computers on scientific numerical computation makes the awareness of the limited precision that these machines are able to provide us an essential matter. A limited and insufficient precision allied to the truncation and…
This paper concerns extension of the classical Lagrange theorem, on the eventual periodicity of continued fraction expansions of quadratic surds, and the versions of it found in the literature in the case of complex numbers. In this…
In this work initial numbers and repunit numbers have been studied. All numbers have been considered in a decimal notation. The problem of simplicity of initial numbers has been studied. Interesting properties of numbers repunit are proved:…