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We demonstrate that the free motion of any two-dimensional rigid body colliding elastically with two parallel, flat walls is equivalent to a billiard system. Using this equivalence, we analyze the integrable and chaotic properties of this…

chao-dyn · Physics 2016-08-31 N. L. Balazs , Rupak Chatterjee , A. D. Jackson

We consider a macroscopic body propagating in a one-dimensional resistive medium, consisting of an ideal gas at temperature $T$. For a whole family of collisions with varying degree of inelasticity, we find an exact expression for the…

Physics Education · Physics 2007-05-23 M. I. Molina

We consider a two-dimensional, incompressible fluid body, together with self-induced interactions. The body is perturbed by an external particle with small mass. The whole configuration rotates uniformly around the common center of mass. We…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Diego Alonso-Orán , Bernhard Kepka , Juan J. L. Velázquez

We consider a mechanical system consisting of an infinite rod (a straight line) and a ball (a massless point) on the plane. The rod rotates uniformly around one of its points. The ball is reflected elastically when colliding with the rod…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2023-11-07 Sergey Kryzhevich , Alexander Plakhov

Billiard systems offer a simple setting to study regular and chaotic dynamics. Gravitational billiards are generalizations of these classical billiards which are amenable to both analytical and experimental investigations. Most previous…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2015-07-27 Cameron K. Langer , Bruce N. Miller

This work is related to billiards and their applications in geometric optics. It is known that perfectly invisible bodies with mirror surface do not exist. It is natural to search for bodies that are, in a sense, close to invisible. We…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2017-11-01 Alexander Plakhov

Recent experiments and numerical simulations have shown that certain types of microorganisms "reflect" off of a flat surface at a critical angle of departure, independent of the angle of incidence. The nature of the reflection may be active…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2017-10-26 Saverio E. Spagnolie , Colin Wahl , Joseph Lukasik , Jean-Luc Thiffeault

The question of invisibility for bodies with mirror surface is studied in the framework of geometrical optics. We construct bodies that are invisible/have zero resistance in two mutually orthogonal directions, and prove that there do not…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-05-19 Alexander Plakhov , Vera Roshchina

Billiard systems, broadly speaking, may be regarded as models of mechanical systems in which rigid parts interact through elastic impulsive (collision) forces. When it is desired or necessary to account for linear/angular momentum exchange…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2021-02-24 C. Cox , R. Feres , B. Zhao

A parallel flow of non-interacting point particles is incident on a body at rest. When hitting the body's surface, the particles are reflected elastically. Assume that each particle hits the body at most once (SIC condition); then the force…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2014-05-02 Alexander Plakhov

A general formula for the linearized Poincar\'e map of a billiard with a potential is derived. The stability of periodic orbits is given by the trace of a product of matrices describing the piecewise free motion between reflections and the…

chao-dyn · Physics 2008-02-03 Holger R. Dullin

We introduce and solve in closed form a simple model of a macroscopic body propagating in a one-dimensional resistive medium at temperature T. The assumption of completely inelastic collisions between the body and the particles composing…

Physics Education · Physics 2009-09-25 M. I. Molina

We investigate the relationship between rigid motions and relative equilibria in the N-body problem on the two-dimensional sphere, S2. We prove that any rigid motion of the N-body system on S2 must be a relative equilibrium. Our approach…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-03-14 Toshiaki Fujiwara , Ernesto Pérez-Chavela , Shuqiang Zhu

In the cosmos, any two bodies share a gravitational attraction. When in proximity to one another in empty space, their motions can be modeled by Newtonian gravity. Newton found their orbits when the two bodies are infinitely small, the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Jodin Morey

We consider classical dynamical properties of a particle in a constant gravitational force and making specular reflections with circular, elliptic or oval boundaries. The model and collision map are described and a detailed study of the…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2017-06-29 D. R. da Costa , C. P. Dettmann , E. D. Leonel

A famous result by Delort about the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations is the existence of weak solutions when the initial vorticity is a diffuse bounded Radon measure with distinguished sign. In this paper we are interested in…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Franck Sueur

This paper investigates the Newton's problem of minimal resistance for a body moving through a fluid whose density decreases exponentially with altitude. We prove the local existence and regularity of radial solutions $u(r)$ satisfying the…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Rafael López

We characterize the solution to the Newton minimal resistance problem in a class of radial q-concave profiles. We also give the corresponding result for one-dimensional profiles. Moreover, we provide a numerical optimization algorithm for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-07-21 Edoardo Mainini , Manuel Monteverde , Edouard Oudet , Danilo Percivale

The method of Hessian measures is used to find the differential equation that defines the optimal shape of nonrotationally symmetric bodies with minimal resistance moving in a rare medium. The synthesis of optimal solutions is described. A…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-08 L. V. Lokutsievskiy , M. I. Zelikin

We consider systems of "pinned balls," i.e., balls that have fixed positions and pseudo-velocities. Pseudo-velocities change according to the same rules as those for velocities of totally elastic collisions between moving balls. The times…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2018-07-25 Jayadev S. Athreya , Krzysztof Burdzy , Mauricio Duarte