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The energy test is a powerful binning-free, multi-dimensional and distribution-free tool that can be applied to compare a measurement to a given prediction (goodness-of-fit) or to check whether two data samples originate from the same…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-04-30 G. Zech

In this paper, we address the problem of two-sample testing in the presence of missing data under a variety of missingness mechanisms. Our focus is on the well-known energy distance-based two-sample test. In addition to the standard…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-18 Danijel G. Aleksić , Bojana Milošević

A common disadvantage in existing distribution-free two-sample testing approaches is that the computational complexity could be high. Specifically, if the sample size is $N$, the computational complexity of those two-sample tests is at…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-18 Cheng Huang , Xiaoming Huo

It has recently been shown that an unbinned distance-based statistic, the energy, can be used to construct an extremely powerful nonparametric multivariate two sample goodness-of-fit test. An extension to this method that makes it possible…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-10-11 Mike Williams

The so-called 'energy test' is a frequentist technique used in experimental particle physics to decide whether two samples are drawn from the same distribution. Its usage requires a good understanding of the distribution of the test…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2019-03-12 Thomas P. S. Gillam , Christopher G. Lester

Energy statistics are estimators of the energy distance that depend on the distances between observations. The idea behind energy statistics is to consider a statistical potential energy that would parallel Newton's gravitational potential…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-03-24 Ruite Guo , Vic Patrangenaru

Two-sample tests evaluate whether two samples are realizations of the same distribution (the null hypothesis) or two different distributions (the alternative hypothesis). We consider a new setting for this problem where sample features are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Weizhi Li , Gautam Dasarathy , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Visar Berisha

In this paper, we study a class of two sample test statistics based on inter-point distances in the high dimensional and low sample size setting. Our test statistics include the well-known energy distance and maximum mean discrepancy with…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-04-13 Changbo Zhu , Xiaofeng Shao

The energy test method is a multi-dimensional test of whether two samples are consistent with arising from the same underlying population, through the calculation of a single test statistic (called the $T$-value). The method has recently…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-04-19 W. Barter , C. Burr , C. Parkes

We present the results of a large number of simulation studies regarding the power of various non-parametric two-sample tests for multivariate data. This includes both continuous and discrete data. In general no single method can be relied…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-23 Wolfgang Rolke

We develop a projected Wasserstein distance for the two-sample test, a fundamental problem in statistics and machine learning: given two sets of samples, to determine whether they are from the same distribution. In particular, we aim to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-01 Jie Wang , Rui Gao , Yao Xie

The log-normal distribution is one of the most common distributions used for modeling skewed and positive data. It frequently arises in many disciplines of science, specially in the biological and medical sciences. The statistical analysis…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

Statistical techniques are used in all branches of science to determine the feasibility of quantitative hypotheses. One of the most basic applications of statistical techniques in comparative analysis is the test of equality of two…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-05-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

We propose a class of nonparametric two-sample tests with a cost linear in the sample size. Two tests are given, both based on an ensemble of distances between analytic functions representing each of the distributions. The first test uses…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-06-16 Kacper Chwialkowski , Aaditya Ramdas , Dino Sejdinovic , Arthur Gretton

Nonparametric two sample testing deals with the question of consistently deciding if two distributions are different, given samples from both, without making any parametric assumptions about the form of the distributions. The current…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2014-11-25 Aaditya Ramdas , Sashank J. Reddi , Barnabas Poczos , Aarti Singh , Larry Wasserman

Two-sample tests for multivariate data and especially for non-Euclidean data are not well explored. This paper presents a novel test statistic based on a similarity graph constructed on the pooled observations from the two samples. It can…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-12 Hao Chen , Jerome H. Friedman

Energy distance is a statistical distance between the distributions of random variables, which characterizes the equality of the distributions. Utilizing the energy distance, we develop a nonparametric test for the diagonal symmetry, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-20 Yongli Sang , Xin Dang

Power-law distributions occur in wide variety of physical, biological, and social phenomena. In this paper, we propose a statistical hypothesis test based on the log-likelihood ratio to assess whether two samples of discrete data are drawn…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-03 Alessandro Bessi

This paper provides a nonparametric test for the identity of two multivariate continuous distribution functions (d.f.'s) when they differ in locations. The test uses Wilcoxon rank-sum statistics on distances between observations for each of…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-08 Soumita Modak , Uttam Bandyopadhyay

We present the results of a large number of simulation studies regarding the power of various goodness-of-fit as well as non-parametric two-sample tests for multivariate data. In two dimensions this includes both continuous and discrete…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-13 Wolfgang Rolke
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