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Additive tree functionals allow to represent the cost of many divide-and-conquer algorithms. We give an invariance principle for such tree functionals for the Catalan model (random tree uniformly distributed among the full binary ordered…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-09-09 Jean-François Delmas , Jean-Stéphane Dhersin , Marion Sciauveau

Using recent results on singularity analysis for Hadamard products of generating functions, we obtain the limiting distributions for additive functionals on $m$-ary search trees on $n$ keys with toll sequence (i) $n^\alpha$ with $\alpha…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 James Allen Fill , Nevin Kapur

Search trees are fundamental data structures in computer science. We study functionals on random search trees that satisfy recurrence relations of a simple additive form. Many important functionals including the space requirement, internal…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Nevin Kapur

An additive functional of a rooted tree is a functional that can be calculated recursively as the sum of the values of the functional over the branches, plus a certain toll function. Janson recently proved a central limit theorem for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-12 Dimbinaina Ralaivaosaona , Matas Šileikis , Stephan Wagner

The limit distribution of the total cost incurred by splitting a tree uniformly distributed on the set of all finite free trees, appears as an additive functional induced by a toll equal to the square of the size of tree. The main tools…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-04-22 Elahe Zohoorian Azad

A tree functional is called additive if it satisfies a recursion of the form $F(T) = \sum_{j=1}^k F(B_j) + f(T)$, where $B_1,\ldots,B_k$ are the branches of the tree $T$ and $f(T)$ is a toll function. We prove a general central limit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-05-13 Dimbinaina Ralaivaosaona , Stephan Wagner

We consider additive functionals $X_n(\phi)$ with small toll functions on split trees and a generalization of split trees, which we call fractional split trees, where the split vector does not need to sum up to 1. These additive functionals…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Cecilia Holmgren , Jasper Ischebeck , Svante Janson

Since the 90's, several authors have studied a probability distribution on the set of Boolean functions on $n$ variables induced by some probability distributions on formulas built upon the connectors $And$ and $Or$ and the literals…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-05-06 Antoine Genitrini , Bernhard Gittenberger , Veronika Kraus , Cécile Mailler

For a complex number $\alpha$, we consider the sum of the $\alpha$th powers of subtree sizes in Galton--Watson trees conditioned to be of size $n$. Limiting distributions of this functional $X_n(\alpha)$ have been determined for $\Re\alpha…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-01-24 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson , Stephan Wagner

We study the additive functional $X_n(\alpha)$ on conditioned Galton-Watson trees given, for arbitrary complex $\alpha$, by summing the $\alpha$th power of all subtree sizes. Allowing complex $\alpha$ is advantageous, even for the study of…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-04-08 James Allen Fill , Svante Janson

We derive asymptotics of moments and identify limiting distributions, under the random permutation model on m-ary search trees, for functionals that satisfy recurrence relations of a simple additive form. Many important functionals…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 James Allen Fill , Nevin Kapur

We consider conditioned Galton-Watson trees and show asymptotic normality of additive functionals that are defined by toll functions that are not too large. This includes, as a special case, asymptotic normality of the number of fringe…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-12-05 Svante Janson

Catalan numbers $C(n)=\frac{1}{n+1}{2n\choose n}$ enumerate binary trees and Dyck paths. The distribution of paths with respect to their number $k$ of factors is given by ballot numbers $B(n,k)=\frac{n-k}{n+k}{n+k\choose n}$. These integers…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-11-03 Jean-Christophe Aval

Under certain mild conditions, limit theorems for additive functionals of some $d$-dimensional self-similar Gaussian processes are obtained. These limit theorems work for general Gaussian processes including fractional Brownian motions,…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-05-23 Minhao Hong , Heguang Liu , Fangjun Xu

We prove limit theorems for sums of functions of subtrees of binary search trees and random recursive trees. In particular, we give simple new proofs of the fact that the number of fringe trees of size $ k=k_n $ in the binary search tree…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-06-27 Cecilia Holmgren , Svante Janson

A symbolic-computational algorithm, fully implemented in Maple, is described, that computes explicit expressions for generating functions that enable the efficient computations of the expectation, variance, and higher moments, of the random…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-22 Andrew Lohr , Doron Zeilberger

We give theorems about asymptotic normality of general additive functionals on patricia tries in an i.i.d. setting, derived from results on tries by Janson (2022). These theorems are applied to show asymptotic normality of the distribution…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Jasper Ischebeck

We study the extreme local structure of plane binary trees through the distribution of leaves at maximum depth. We first address two basic questions: (i) the asymptotic probability that exactly two leaves occur at the deepest level, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Khaydar Nurligareev

We study the distributional behavior of additive arithmetic functions evaluated at integers drawn from the harmonic distribution. Our main result shows that a broad family of such functions converges in law to conditioned Dickman-type…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-03 Victor Bernal Ramirez , Arturo Jaramillo

We study the shape of the normalized stable L\'{e}vy tree $\mathcal{T}$ near its root. We show that, when zooming in at the root at the proper speed with a scaling depending on the index of stability, we get the unnormalized Kesten tree. In…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-07-01 Michel Nassif
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