Related papers: Additive number theory and the ring of quantum int…
For every positive integer $n$, the quantum integer $[n]_q$ is the polynomial $[n]_q = 1 + q + q^2 + ... + q^{n-1}.$ A quadratic addition rule for quantum integers consists of sequences of polynomials $\mathcal{R}' =…
The quantum integer $[n]_q$ is the polynomial $1 + q + q^2 + ... + q^{n-1}.$ Two sequences of polynomials $\mathcal{U} = \{u_n(q)\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ and $\mathcal{V} = \{v_n(q)\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$ define a {\em linear addition rule} $\oplus$…
We employ an algebraic procedure based on quantum mechanics to propose a `quantum number theory' (QNT) as a possible extension of the `classical number theory'. We built our QNT by defining pure quantum number operators ($q$-numbers) of a…
We define a $q$-deformation of the classical ring of integer-valued polynomials which we call the ring of quantum integer-valued polynomials. We show that this ring has a remarkable combinatorial structure and enjoys many positivity…
A sequence of functions {f_n(q)}_{n=1}^{\infty} satisfies the functional equation for multiplication of quantum integers if f_{mn}(q) = f_m(q)f_n(q^m) for all positive integers m and n. This paper describes the structure of all sequences of…
The $q$-integer is the polynomial $[n]_q = 1 + q + q^2 + \dots + q^{n-1}$. For every sequences of polynomials $\mathcal S = \{s_m(q)\}_{m=1}^\infty$, $\mathcal T = \{t_m(q)\}_{m=1}^\infty$, $\mathcal U = \{u_m(q)\}_{m=1}^\infty$ and…
For the quantum integer $[n]_q = 1+q+...+q^{n-1}$ there is a natural polynomial multiplication $*_q$ such that $[m]_q *_q [n]_q = [mn]_q$. This multiplication leads to the functional equation $f_{mn}(q) = f_m(q)f_n(q^m),$ defined on a given…
We introduce the notions of quantum characteristic and quantum flatness for arbitrary rings. More generally, we develop the theory of quantum integers in a ring and show that the hypothesis of quantum flatness together with positive quantum…
For the quantum integer [n]_q = 1+q+q^2+... + q^{n-1} there is a natural polynomial multiplication such that [mn]_q = [m]_q \otimes_q [n]_q. This multiplication is given by the functional equation f_{mn}(q) = f_m(q) f_n(q^m), defined on a…
The quantum integer [n]_q is the polynomial 1 + q + q^2 + ... + q^{n-1}, and the sequence of polynomials { [n]_q }_{n=1}^{\infty} is a solution of the functional equation f_{mn}(q) = f_m(q)f_n(q^m). In this paper, semidirect products of…
The $q$-binomial coefficients $\qbinom{n}{m}=\prod_{i=1}^m(1-q^{n-m+i})/(1-q^i)$, for integers $0\le m\le n$, are known to be polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients. This readily follows from the $q$-binomial theorem, or the…
The apparent impossibility of extending non-relativistic quantum mechanics to a relativistic quantum theory is shown to be due to the insufficient structural richness of the field of complex numbers over which quantum mechanics is built. A…
We develop an elementary theory of partially additive rings as a foundation of ${\mathbb F}_1$-geometry. Our approach is so concrete that an analog of classical algebraic geometry is established very straightforwardly. As applications, (1)…
A new method for computing sums on a quantum computer is introduced. This technique uses the quantum Fourier transform and reduces the number of qubits necessary for addition by removing the need for temporary carry bits. This approach also…
We attach a ring of sequences to each number from a certain class of extremal real numbers, and we study the properties of this ring both from an analytic point of view by exhibiting elements with specific behaviors, and also from an…
We formalize the quantum arithmetic, i.e. a relationship between number theory and operator algebras. Namely, it is proved that rational projective varieties are dual to the $C^*$-algebras with real multiplication. Our construction fits all…
The rather unintuitive nature of quantum theory has led numerous people to develop sets of (physically motivated) principles that can be used to derive quantum mechanics from the ground up, in order to better understand where the structure…
Let $\mathbb F_q$ be the finite field with $q$ elements, where $q$ is a prime power and, for each integer $n\ge 1$, let $\mathbb F_{q^n}$ be the unique $n$-degree extension of $\mathbb F_q$. The $\mathbb F_q$-orders of an element in…
Counting the number of clusters, when these clusters overlap significantly is a challenging problem in machine learning. We argue that a purely mathematical quantum theory, formulated using the path integral technique, when applied to…
This paper extends earlier work on quantum theory representations of natural numbers N, integers I, and rational numbers Ra to describe a space of these representations and transformations on the space. The space is parameterized by 4-tuple…