Related papers: Infinite and natural numbers
The notions of potential infinity (understood as expressing a direction) and actual infinity (expressing a quantity) are investigated. It is shown that the notion of actual infinity is inconsistent, because the set of all (finite) natural…
Sequences diverge either because they head off to infinity or because they oscillate. Part 1 constructs a non-Archimedean framework of infinite numbers that is large enough to contain asymptotic limit points for non-oscillating sequences…
Contrary to popular misconception, the question in the title is far from simple. It involves sets of numbers on the first level, sets of sets of numbers on the second level, and so on, endlessly. The infinite hierarchy of the levels…
We describe a theory of finite sets, and investigate the analogue of Dedekind's theory of natural number systems (simply infinite systems) in this theory. Unlike the infinitary case, in our theory, natural number systems come in differing…
In this expository article, the real numbers are defined as infinite decimals. After defining an ordering relation and the arithmetic operations, it is shown that the set of real numbers is a complete ordered field. It is further shown that…
Natural numbers satisfying an unusual property are mentioned by the author in [5], in which their infinitude is also proved. In this paper, we start with an arbitrary natural number which is not a multiple of 10 and non-palindromic, form…
We define the finite number ring ${\Bbb Z}_n [\sqrt [m] r]$ where $m,n$ are positive integers and $r$ in an integer akin to the definition of the Gaussian integer ${\Bbb Z}[i]$. This idea is also introduced briefly in [7]. By definition,…
In this paper we continue our research on the concept of liken. This notion has been defined as a sequence of non-negative real numbers, tending to infinity and closed with respect to addition in $\mathbb{R}$. The most important examples of…
For an infinite set M of natural numbers, let FS(M) be the set of all nonzero finite sums of distinct numbers in M. An IP set is any set of the form FS(M). Let p_n denote the n-th prime number for each $n \ge 1$. A de Polignac number is any…
In this article we present an axiomatic definition of sets with individuals and a definition of natural numbers and ordinals. We use the axioms pairs, union, power, regularity and separation. We define the equality of sets and of…
We define the indefinite logarithm [log x] of a real number x>0 to be a mathematical object representing the abstract concept of the logarithm of x with an indeterminate base (i.e., not specifically e, 10, 2, or any fixed number). The…
We show that there exist infinite sets $A = \{a_1,a_2,\dots\}$ and $B = \{b_1,b_2,\dots\}$ of natural numbers such that $a_i+b_j$ is prime whenever $1 \leq i < j$.
A decomposition of a natural number n is a sequence of consecutive natural numbers that sums to n. We construct a one-to-one correspondence between the odd factors of a natural number and its decompositions. We study the decompositions by…
Transfinite set theory including the axiom of choice supplies the following basic theorems: (1) Mappings between infinite sets can always be completed, such that at least one of the sets is exhausted. (2) The real numbers can be well…
We start by presenting a theory of finite sets using the approach which is essentially that taken by Whitehead and Russell in Principia Mathematica}, and which does not involve the natural numbers (or any other infinite set). This theory is…
In this article we consider alternative definitions-descriptions of a set being Infinite within the primitive Axiomatic System of Zermelo.
A graph $G$ is defined encapsulating the number theoretic notion of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. We then provide a graph theoretic approach to the fundamental results on the coprimality of two natural numbers, through the use of…
We present a new topological proof of the infinitude of prime numbers with a new topology. Furthermore, in this topology, we characterize the infinitude of any non-empty subset of prime numbers.
While the general form of even perfect numbers is well-known, the existence or non-existence of odd perfect numbers is still an open problem. We address this problem and prove that if a natural number is odd, then it's not perfect.
We use fast-growing finite and infinite sequences of natural numbers and more complicated constructs to define models of hypercomputation and interpret non-arithmetic predicates, with the strongest extensions reaching full second order…