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We study systems of {\sigma}-algebras ordered by refinement and introduce the notion of an endogenous probability measure, invariant under admissible refinement transformations. We prove existence and structural properties of such measures…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Paul Baird

Using operator methods, we generally present the level densities for kinds of random matrix unitary ensembles in weak sense. As a corollary, the limit spectral distributions of random matrices from Gaussian, Laguerre and Jacobi unitary…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Zhengdong Wang , Kuihua Yan

The survey is devoted to the combinatorial and metric theory of filtrations, i.\,e., decreasing sequences of $\sigma$-algebras in measure spaces or decreasing sequences of subalgebras of certain algebras. One of the key notions, that of…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2017-08-02 Anatoly Vershik

The structure of subspaces of a Hilbert space that are invariant under unitary representations of a discrete group is related to a notion of Hilbert modules endowed with inner products taking values in spaces of unbounded operators. A…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2015-07-01 Davide Barbieri , Eugenio Hernández , Victoria Paternostro

Despite the success of language models using neural networks, it remains unclear to what extent neural models have the generalization ability to perform inferences. In this paper, we introduce a method for evaluating whether neural models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki , Kentaro Inui

We consider some random iterated function systems on the interval and show that the invariant measure has density in $\mathcal{C}^\infty$. To prove this we use some techniques for contractions in cone metrics, applied to the transfer…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2009-03-18 Tomas Persson

A density matrix describes the statistical state of a quantum system. It is a powerful formalism to represent both the quantum and classical uncertainty of quantum systems and to express different statistical operations such as measurement,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Fabio A. González , Alejandro Gallego , Santiago Toledo-Cortés , Vladimir Vargas-Calderón

Deep sequence models are receiving significant interest in current machine learning research. By representing probability distributions that are fit to data using maximum likelihood estimation, such models can model data on general…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-09 Kristian Løvland , Bjarne Grimstad , Lars Struen Imsland

Abstract upper densities are monotone and subadditive functions from the power set of positive integers to the unit real interval that generalize the upper densities used in number theory, including the upper asymptotic density, the upper…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-09-12 Mauro Di Nasso , Renling Jin

Using a recently introduced tensor network method, we study the density of states of the lattice Schwinger model, a standard testbench for lattice gauge theory numerical techniques, but also the object of recent experimental quantum…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2021-08-04 Irene Papaefstathiou , Daniel Robaina , J. Ignacio Cirac , Mari Carmen Bañuls

Modulated symmetries are internal symmetries that are not invariant under spacetime symmetry actions. We propose a general way to describe the lattice translation modulated symmetries in 1+1D, including the non-invertible ones, via the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-12-09 Ching-Yu Yao

This paper introduces the order-theoretic concept of lattices along with the concept of consistent quantification where lattice elements are mapped to real numbers in such a way that preserves some aspect of the order-theoretic structure.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Kevin H. Knuth

One method for obtaining generalizable solutions to machine learning tasks when presented with diverse training environments is to find \textit{invariant representations} of the data. These are representations of the covariates such that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Advait Parulekar , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Sanjay Shakkottai

Spaces of quasi-invariant measures supplied with different topologies are studied. Their embeddings, projective decompositions, conditions for their metrizability are investigated. Theorems about convergence of nets of quasi-invariant…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-08 Sergey Victor Ludkowski

In this work, we investigate an intriguing and prevalent phenomenon of diffusion models which we term as "consistent model reproducibility": given the same starting noise input and a deterministic sampler, different diffusion models often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Huijie Zhang , Jinfan Zhou , Yifu Lu , Minzhe Guo , Peng Wang , Liyue Shen , Qing Qu

It has been observed that representations learned by distinct neural networks conceal structural similarities when the models are trained under similar inductive biases. From a geometric perspective, identifying the classes of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Irene Cannistraci , Luca Moschella , Marco Fumero , Valentino Maiorca , Emanuele Rodolà

We give a generalization to a continuous setting of the classic Markov chain tree Theorem. In particular, we consider an irreducible diffusion process on a metric graph. The unique invariant measure has an atomic component on the vertices…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-02-04 Michele Aleandri , Matteo Colangeli , Davide Gabrielli

Generalization and invariance are two essential properties of any machine learning model. Generalization captures a model's ability to classify unseen data while invariance measures consistency of model predictions on transformations of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Weijian Deng , Stephen Gould , Liang Zheng

We study invariant sets and measures generated by iterated function systems defined on countable discrete spaces that are uniform grids of a finite dimension. The discrete spaces of this type can be considered as models of spaces in which…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2024-10-22 Tomasz Martyn

Spectral densities encode non-perturbative information that enters the calculation of a plethora of physical observables in strongly coupled field theories. Phenomenological applications encompass aspects of standard-model hadronic physics,…