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Accounting for all the relativistic effects, we have developed the fully nonlinear gauge-invariant formalism for describing the cosmological observables and presented the second-order perturbative expressions associated with light…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-03 Matteo Magi , Jaiyul Yoo

Adjusting for covariates is a well established method to estimate the total causal effect of an exposure variable on an outcome of interest. Depending on the causal structure of the mechanism under study there may be different adjustment…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-04-27 Jack Kuipers , Giusi Moffa

An equation for the quantum average of the gauge invariant Wilson loop in non-commutative Yang-Mills theory with gauge group U(N) is obtained. In the 't Hooft limit, the equation reduces to the loop equation of ordinary Yang-Mills theory.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 Mohab Abou-Zeid , Harald Dorn

We present the results of a study of the gauge dependence of spacetime perturbations. In particular, we consider gauge invariance in general, we give a generating formula for gauge transformations to an arbitrary order n, and explicit…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 M. Bruni , S. Matarrese , S. Mollerach , S. Sonego

The quark propagator in presence of an arbitrary gluon field is calculated gauge and Lorentz covariantly order by order in terms of powers of gluon field and its derivatives. The result is independent of path connecting ends of propagator…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-01-07 Yong-Hong An , Hua Yang , Qing Wang

We consider extension of Granger causality to nonlinear bivariate time series. In this frame, if the prediction error of the first time series is reduced by including measurements from the second time series, then the second time series is…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 Nicola Ancona , Daniele Marinazzo , Sebastiano Stramaglia

Recently suggested causal principal value and causal prescriptions for the "spurious singularity" in light-cone gauge theories are nothing but the different guises of usual Mandelstam-Leibbrandt prescription.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 D. K. Park

We consider lattice gauge theories on $\mathbb{Z}^4$ with Wilson action and structure group $\mathbb{Z}_n$. We compute the expectation of Wilson loop observables to leading order in the weak coupling regime, extending and refining a recent…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-11-12 Malin Palö Forsström , Jonatan Lenells , Fredrik Viklund

We calculate the three-loop Wilson coefficients of all physically relevant dimension-four operators, i.e. $G_{\mu\nu}^a G^{a,\mu\nu}$, $m_i\bar q_j q_j$ and $m_i m_j m_k^2$, in the short-distance expansion of the time-ordered product of a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-12-24 Robin Brüser , André H. Hoang , Maximilian Stahlhofen

We relate a $l$-loop Feynman integral to a sum of phase space integrals, where the integrands are determined by the spanning trees of the original $l$-loop graph. Causality requires that the propagators of the trees have a modified…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-08-07 Robert Runkel , Zoltán Szőr , Juan Pablo Vesga , Stefan Weinzierl

The two loop contributions to the chiral vortical conductivity are considered. The Kubo formula together with the anomalous Ward identity of the axial vector current suggest that there may be a nonzero correction to the coefficient of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-01-10 Defu Hou , Hui Liu , Hai-cang Ren

We study distributions of random vectors whose components are second order polynomials in Gaussian random variables. Assuming that the law of such a vector is not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, we derive some…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-05-28 Vladimir I. Bogachev , Egor D. Kosov , Ivan Nourdin , Guillaume Poly

In this paper we construct the Wilson short distance operator product expansion for the gluon, quark and ghost propagators in QCD, including operators of dimension two and three, namely, A^2, m^2, m A^2, \ovl{\psi} \psi and m^3. We compute…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-12-15 K. G. Chetyrkin , A. Maier

The different schemes for the definition of the Z boson mass are analyzed. It is shown that the scheme, defining the mass as pole of the real part of the Z boson propagator and the width as the imaginary part of the propagator at the same…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Gegelia , G. Japaridze , A. Tkabladze , A. Khelashvili , K. Turashvili

Gauge fields are special in the sense that they are invariant under gauge transformations and \emph{``ipso facto''} they lead to problems when we try quantizing them straightforwardly. To circumvent this problem we need to specify a gauge…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Alfredo T. Suzuki , J. H. O. Sales

The generating functions for the Wilson loops in the symmetric and antisymmetric representations of the gauge group $U(N)$ are expressed in terms of the connected correlators of multiply-wound Wilson loops, using ingredients from the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-08-30 Anthonny F. Canazas Garay , Alberto Faraggi , Wolfgang Mück

We propose a new strategy to probe non-tensorial polarizations in the stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background. Averaging over polarization angles, we find that three-point correlations of the GW signal vanish for tensor and vector…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-11 N. M. Jiménez Cruz , Flavio C. Sánchez , Gianmassimo Tasinato

In this paper we compute the vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop and its correlators with chiral primary operators in $\mathcal{N}=2, 4$ superconformal $U(N)$ gauge theories at large $N$. After localization these quantities can be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-04-10 Ekaterina Sysoeva

For gauge field propagators, the asymptotic behavior is obtained in all directions of the complex $k^2$-plane, and for general, linear, covariant gauges. Asymptotically free theories are considered. Except for coefficients, the functional…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Reinhard Oehme , Wentao Xu

We calculate perturbative Wilson loops of various sizes up to loop order $n=20$ at different lattice sizes for pure plaquette and tree-level improved Symanzik gauge theories using the technique of Numerical Stochastic Perturbation Theory.…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2010-10-25 R. Horsley , G. Hotzel , E. -M. Ilgenfritz , Y. Nakamura , H. Perlt , P. E. L. Rakow , G. Schierholz , A. Schiller