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Unitarization of black hole evaporation requires that quantum information escapes a black hole; an important question is to identify the mechanism or channel by which it does so. Accurate counting of black hole states via the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-12-30 Steven B. Giddings

The black-hole information paradox has fueled a fascinating effort to reconcile the predictions of general relativity and those of quantum mechanics. Gravitational considerations teach us that black holes must trap everything that falls…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Samuel L. Braunstein , Arun K. Pati

If black hole formation and evaporation can be described by an $S$ matrix, information would be expected to come out in black hole radiation. An estimate shows that it may come out initially so slowly, or else be so spread out, that it…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-22 Don N. Page

It is usually stated that the information storing region associated with the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy is enclosed by a sphere of diameter equal twice the Schwarzschild radius. We point out that this cannot apply to a quantum black hole.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-01-26 Abram Akal

In 1974 Steven Hawking showed that black holes emit thermal radiation, which eventually causes them to evaporate. The problem of the fate of information in this process is known as the "black hole information paradox". Two main types of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-09 Erik Aurell , Michał Eckstein , Paweł Horodecki

Hawking showed that the radiation emitted from a classical collapsing shell is thermal. Here, we show that a semiclassical collapsing shell emits radiation that is only approximately thermal, with small but significant deviations. The most…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-15 Ram Brustein , A. J. M. Medved

By entangling soft massless particles one can create an arbitrarily large amount of entanglement entropy that carries an arbitrarily small amount of energy. Dropping this entropy into the black hole (b.h.) one can increase the b.h. entropy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-01-11 Hrvoje Nikolic

In this paper, we review some methods that tried to solve the information loss problem. In particular, we revisit the solution based on Hawking radiation as tunneling, and provide a detailed statistical interpretation on the black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-17 Baocheng Zhang , Christian Corda , Qing-yu Cai

Over the years, the so-called black hole information loss paradox has generated an amazingly diverse set of (often radical) proposals. However, forty years after the introduction of Hawking's radiation, there continues to be a debate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-04-18 Elias Okon , Daniel Sudarsky

After reviewing the relation of entropy to information, I derive the entropy bound as applied to bounded weakly gravitating systems, and review the bound's applications to cosmology as well as its extensions to higher dimensions. I then…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-18 Jacob D. Bekenstein

We deal with the black hole information loss paradox by showing that the stimulated emission component of the black hole radiation contains information about the initial state of the system. The nonlocal behaviour that allows the recovery…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-22 R. Mueller , Carlos O. Lousto

Blackbody radiation, emitted from a furnace and described by a Planck spectrum, contains (on average) an entropy of $3.9\pm 2.5$ bits per photon. Since normal physical burning is a unitary process, this amount of entropy is compensated by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-05 Ana Alonso-Serrano , Matt Visser

Black hole evaporation is studied using wave packets for the modes. These allow for approximate frequency and time resolution. The leading order late time behavior gives the well known Hawking radiation that is independent of how the black…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-26 Paul R. Anderson , Raymond D. Clark , Alessandro Fabbri , Michael R. R. Good

Black hole space times evaporate in discrete steps due to remarkably slow Hawking radiation. We here identify evaporation with essentially extremal states at the limit of quantum computation, performing $2.7\times 10^{79}$ bit calculations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-11-12 Maurice H. P. M. van Putten

We aim to quantify the distribution of information in the Hawking radiation and inside the black hole in the semiclassical evaporation process. The structure quantum field theory forces to consider a shared information between two different…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-05-29 H. Casini

A mechanism is found that explains how matter falling into the future event horizon of a black hole leaves information there, which it sends to the past event horizon, and there it determines how particles are emitted. This way information…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-06 Gerard t Hooft

In this review, we describe recent progress on the black hole information problem that involves a new understanding of how to calculate the entropy of Hawking radiation. We show how the method for computing gravitational fine-grained…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-07-28 Ahmed Almheiri , Thomas Hartman , Juan Maldacena , Edgar Shaghoulian , Amirhossein Tajdini

Hawking's prediction of black-hole evaporation depends on the application of known physics to fantastically high energies -- well beyond the Planck scale. Here, I show that before these extreme regimes are reached, another physical effect…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Adam D. Helfer

Hawking radiation of astrophysical black holes is minute and thought to be unobservable. However, different mechanisms could contribute to an anomalously high emission rate: extra dimensions, new "dark" families of bosons or fermions, or a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-22 Chen Yuan , Richard Brito , Vitor Cardoso

We show that atoms falling from outside through a cavity into a black hole (BH) emit acceleration radiation which to a distant observer looks much like Hawking BH radiation. In particular, we find the entropy of the acceleration radiation…