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The aim of this paper is to explain carefully the arguments behind the assertion that the correct quantum theory of gravity must be background independent. We begin by recounting how the debate over whether quantum gravity must be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Lee Smolin

The gauge fixing dependence of the one-loop effective action of quantum gravity in the proper-time representation is investigated for a space of arbitrary curvature, and the investigation is extended to Maxwell-Einstein theory. The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-30 N. K. Nielsen

In this paper, we examine stacky structures in Einstein's theory of gravity. In brief, we first give a construction of the moduli stack of solutions to (vacuum) Einstein field equations on $n$-dimensional spacetimes, with vanishing…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2023-01-26 Kadri İlker Berktav

We consider a general non-linear sigma model coupled to Einstein gravity and show that in spherical symmetry and for a simple realization of self-similarity, the spacetime can be completely determined. We also examine some more specific…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-07-07 Eric W. Hirschmann , Anzhong Wang

Asymptotically safe quantum gravity is a candidate theory to quantum gravity, which could unify the gravitational interaction with particle physics. It is characterized by quantum scale-symmetry at high energies. The constraining power of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-01 Marc Schiffer

The coupling between internal degrees of freedom of quantum systems and their overall motion in an external gravitational field plays a central role in multiple extensions of Einstein's equivalence principle to quantum physics. While…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-04 Thomas B. Mieling

We review a recently discovered continuum limit for the one-matrix model which describes "causal" two-dimensional quantum gravity. The behaviour of the quantum geometry in this limit is different from the quantum geometry of Euclidean…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-02-05 J. Ambjorn , R. Loll , Y. Watabiki , W. Westra , S. Zohren

We study the approach in which independent variables describing gravity are functions of the space-time embedding into a flat space of higher dimension. We formulate a canonical formalism for such a theory in a form, which requires imposing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-03-09 S. A. Paston , V. A. Franke

Recent proposals suggest that detecting entanglement between two spatially superposed masses would establish the quantum nature of gravity. However, these gravitationally induced entanglement (GIE) experiments rely on assumptions about…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Nicolas Boulle , Guilherme Franzmann

We address the construction and interpretation of diffeomorphism-invariant observables in a low-energy effective theory of quantum gravity. The observables we consider are constructed as integrals over the space of coordinates, in analogy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-29 Steven B. Giddings , Donald Marolf , James B. Hartle

In the present discussion Background Independent framework of Quantum Mechanics and its possible implications in the studies of gravity and Physics at short distance are addressed. The expression of the metric of quantum state space…

General Physics · Physics 2009-01-09 Aalok

Gravitation governs the expansion and fate of the universe, and the growth of large scale structure within it, but has not been tested in detail on these cosmic scales. The observed acceleration of the expansion may provide signs of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2011-11-29 Eric V. Linder

In this paper we consider the observables describing fundamental spatiotemporal properties and relations in the context of Quantum Gravity (QG). As we will show, in both Loop Quantum Gravity and in String Theory, these observables are…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2021-09-22 Enrico Cinti , Cristian Mariani , Marco Sanchioni

The method of four-dimensional Causal Dynamical Triangulations provides a background-independent definition of the sum over geometries in quantum gravity, in the presence of a positive cosmological constant. We present the evidence…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Ambjorn , J. Jurkiewicz , R. Loll

The standard formulation of quantum theory relies on a fixed space-time metric determining the localisation and causal order of events. In general relativity, the metric is influenced by matter, and is expected to become indefinite when…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-08 Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Flaminia Giacomini , Alessio Belenchia , Časlav Brukner

A class of diffeomorphism invariant, physical observables, so-called astrometric observables, is introduced. A particularly simple example, the time delay, which expresses the difference between two initially synchronized proper time clocks…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-06-26 Igor Khavkine

The effect of gravitational fluctuations on the quantum effective potential for scalar fields is a key ingredient for predictions of the mass of the Higgs boson, understanding the gauge hierarchy problem and a possible explanation of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-04-17 Jan M. Pawlowski , Manuel Reichert , Christof Wetterich , Masatoshi Yamada

Background independence is often emphasized as an important property of a quantum theory of gravity that takes seriously the geometrical nature of general relativity. In a background-independent formulation, quantum gravity should determine…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-27 Martin Bojowald

The axial gauge is applied to the analysis of Euclidean quantum gravity on manifolds with boundary. A set of boundary conditions which are completely invariant under infinitesimal diffeomorphisms require that spatial components of metric…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 Ivan G. Avramidi , Giampiero Esposito , Alexander Yu. Kamenshchik

A number of recent proposals for a quantum theory of gravity are based on the idea that spacetime geometry and gravity are derivative concepts and only apply at an approximate level. There are two fundamental challenges to any such…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-23 Alioscia Hamma , Fotini Markopoulou