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The energy conditions of Einstein gravity (classical general relativity) are designed to extract as much information as possible from classical general relativity without enforcing a particular equation of state for the stress-energy. This…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 Matt Visser

The violation of the null energy condition (NEC) is essential for constructing nonsingular cosmological scenarios, such as Genesis cosmology, which avoids the initial singularity by initiating cosmic evolution from an asymptotically…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-19 Dong-Hui Yu , Mian Zhu , Yong Cai

We give an example of a spacetime with a continuous metric which is globally hyperbolic and exhibits causal bubbling. The metric moreover splits orthogonally into a timelike and a spacelike part. We discuss our example in the context of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-12-21 Leonardo García-Heveling , Elefterios Soultanis

The aim of the present dissertation is to analyze the meaning of the entropy bounds of the holographic sector once tested for statistical ensembles of particles, in order to deeper investigate the nature of these constraints and their…

General Physics · Physics 2014-11-04 Nicolo' Masi

For the general theory of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED), we prove that causality implies both the Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) and, surprisingly, the Strong Energy Condition (SEC). This has implications for gravitational applications,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-04-16 Jorge G. Russo , Paul K. Townsend

In physical theories, boundary or initial conditions play the role of selecting special situations which can be described by a theory with its general laws. Cosmology has long been suspected to be different in that its fundamental theory…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Martin Bojowald

The universe is certainly not yet in total thermodynamical equilibrium,so clearly some law telling about special initial conditions is needed. A universe or a system imposed to behave periodically gets thereby required ``initial…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 Holger B. Nielsen , Masao Ninomiya

In the context of inflationary models with a pre-inflationary stage, in which the Einstein equations are obeyed, the weak energy condition is satisfied, and spacetime topology is trivial, we argue that homogeneity on super-Hubble scales…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Tanmay Vachaspati , Mark Trodden

Structural Equation Models (SEM) are the standard approach to representing causal dependencies between variables in causal models. In this paper we propose a new interpretation of SEMs when reasoning about Actual Causality, in which SEMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Maksim Gladyshev , Natasha Alechina , Mehdi Dastani , Dragan Doder , Brian Logan

The study of conditional $q$-entropies in composite quantum systems has recently been the focus of considerable interest, particularly in connection with the problem of separability. The $q$-entropies depend on the density matrix $\rho$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 J. Batle , A. R. Plastino , M. Casas , A. Plastino

The four principal energy conditions (ECs) in general relativity prohibit negative energies, repulsive gravity and superluminal energy flows. One must invoke exotic matter to violate any one of these, yet $\Lambda$CDM does so quite…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-29 Namit Chandak , Fulvio Melia , Junjie Wei

This note summarizes a model-independent analysis of the age of the universe problem that trades off precision in favour of robustness: The energy conditions of Einstein gravity are designed to extract as much information as possible from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-30 Matt Visser

I show that if a finite-dimensional density matrix has strictly smaller von Neumann entropy than a second one of the same dimension (and the rank is not bigger), then sufficiently (but finitely) many tensor-copies of the first density…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-16 Henrik Wilming

Exceptional bound (EB) states represent an unique new class of robust bound states protected by the defectiveness of non-Hermitian exceptional points. Conceptually distinct from the more well-known topological states and non-Hermitian skin…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-02 Deyuan Zou , Tian Chen , Haiyu Meng , Yee Sin Ang , Xiangdong Zhang , Ching Hua Lee

Energy bounds which are uniform in the background metric are obtained from upper bounds for entropy-like quantities. The argument is based on auxiliary Monge-Amp\`ere equations involving sublevel sets, and bypasses the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2022-07-20 Bin Guo , Duong H. Phong

We discuss how entropy bounds, which are not respected in the standard cosmology, constrain the parameters of a previously suggested cosmology with a finite total mass. In that alternative cosmology the matter density was postulated to be a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-02-09 L. Clavelli

We show that the entropy of cosmological perturbations originating as quantum vacuum fluctuations in the very early universe, including the contribution of the leading nonlinear interactions, can be viewed as momentum space entanglement…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-11-12 Suddhasattwa Brahma , Omar Alaryani , Robert Brandenberger

We define a canonical ensemble for a gravitational causal diamond by introducing an artificial York boundary inside the diamond with a fixed induced metric and temperature, and evaluate the partition function using a saddle point…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-07-26 Ted Jacobson , Manus R. Visser

The assumption that a complete description of an early state of the universe does not privilege any position or direction in space leads to a unified account of probability in cosmology, macroscopic physics, and quantum mechanics. Such a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-08-09 David Layzer

A Universe with finite age also has a finite causal scale $\chi_\S$, so the metric can not be homogeneous for $\chi>\chi_\S$, as it is usually assumed. To account for this, we propose a new causal boundary condition, that can be fulfil by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-12-03 Enrique Gaztanaga