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I review the classical and quantum properties of the (2+1)-dimensional black hole of Ba{\~n}ados, Teitelboim, and Zanelli. This solution of the Einstein field equations in three spacetime dimensions shares many of the characteristics of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-28 Steven Carlip

We obtain and analyze an exact solution to Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory in $(2+1)$ dimensions, in which the scalar field couples to gravity in a non-minimal way, and it also couples to itself with the self-interacting potential solely…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-06-12 Wei Xu , Liu Zhao

Five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein theory with an Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Lagrangian induces nonlinear corrections to the four-dimensional Maxwell equations, which however remain second order. Although these corrections do not have effect on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-31 S. Mignemi

The geometry of the spinning black holes of standard Einstein theory in 2+1 dimensions, with a negative cosmological constant and without couplings to matter, is analyzed in detail. It is shown that the black hole arises from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-12-30 Maximo Banados , Marc Henneaux , Claudio Teitelboim , Jorge Zanelli

We study an analytical solution to the Einstein's equations in 2+1-dimensions, representing the self-similar collapse of a circularly symmetric, minimally coupled, massless, scalar field. Depending on the value of certain parameters, this…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Oliveira-Neto

In this work we find charged slowly rotating solutions in the four-dimensional Einstein-power-Maxwell non-linear electrodynamics assuming a negative cosmological constant. By solving the system of coupled field equations explicitly we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-05 Grigoris Panotopoulos , Angel Rincon

Inspired by the BTZ formalism, we discuss the Maxwell-$f(T)$ gravity in (2+1)-dimensions. The main task is to derive exact solutions for a special form of $f(T)=T+\epsilon T^2$, with $T$ being the torsion scalar of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-05-23 G. G. L. Nashed , S. Capozziello

The search for regular black holes with nonlinear electromagnetic fields has sprouted numerous candidates, each exhibiting certain virtues but often accompanied by significant drawbacks. We demonstrate that Komar mass, electric charge and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-22 Ana Bokulić , Tajron Jurić , Ivica Smolić

The well-known BTZ black hole solution of (2+1) Einstein's gravity, in the presence of a cosmological constant, is treated both at the classical and quantum level. Classically, the imposition of the two manifest local Killing fields of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-19 T. Christodoulakis , N. Dimakis , Petros A. Terzis , G. Doulis

An exact and analytical solution, in four-dimensional general relativity coupled with Maxwell electromagnetism, is built by means of a Lie point symmetry of the Ernst equations, the Harrison transformation. The new spacetime describes a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-11-20 Marco Astorino

Charged black holes in a ($2+1$)-dimensional anti-de Sitter space-time suffer from some limitations such as the ambiguity in the definition of the mass and the bad short distance behavior. In this paper we present a way to resolve such…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-24 Patricio Gaete , Piero Nicolini , Euro Spallucci

Exact solutions of Einstein's equations in 2+1-dimensional anti-de Sitter space containing any number of black holes are described. In addition to the black holes these spacetimes can possess ``internal'' structure. Accordingly the generic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-09-27 Dieter Brill

In recent years there have appeared in the literature a large number of static, spherically symmetric metrics, which are regular at the origin, asymptotically flat, and have both an event and a Cauchy horizon for certain range of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-06-13 J. Ponce de Leon

We apply the Hamiltonian formulation of teleparallel theories of gravity in 2+1 dimensions to a circularly symmetric geometry. We find a family of one-parameter black hole solutions. The BTZ solution fixes the unique free parameter of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 A. A. Sousa , J. W. Maluf

Based on the conformal energy theorem we prove the uniqueness theorem for static higher dimensional electrically and magnetically charged black holes being the solution of Einstein (n-2)-gauge forms equations of motion. Black hole spacetime…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Marek Rogatko

We consider $5$ dimensional electrostatic solutions to Einstein-Maxwell gravity with $2$ commuting spacelike Killing fields. Taking two distinct reductions from $5$ dimensions to a $3$ dimensional base space, we write the Einstein-Maxwell…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-22 Fred Tomlinson

Generalizations of the Black Hole geometry of Ba\~nados, Teitelboim and Zanelli (BTZ) are presented. The theory is three-dimensional vacuum Einstein theory with a negative cosmological constant. The $n$-black-hole solution has $n$…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-12-30 Dieter R. Brill

In this paper we give some general considerations about circularly symmetric, static space-times in 2+1 dimensions, focusing first on the surprising (at the time) existence of the BTZ black hole solution. We show that BTZ black holes and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-04-10 H. -J. Schmidt , D. Singleton

The detection of gravitational waves from binary black holes sources has opened the possibility to search for electric charges and "dark" charges on black holes, the latter being candidates for dark matter. This requires theoretical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-23 Pawan Kumar Gupta

We derive the equations for the odd and even parity perturbations of coupled electromagnetic and gravitational fields of a black hole with an electric charge within the context of general nonlinear electrodynamics. The Lagrangian density is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-02 Ramin G. Daghigh , Michael D. Green