Related papers: Basic Constituents of Matter and their Interaction…
Deepening our knowledge of the partonic content of nucleons and nuclei represents a central endeavour of modern high-energy and nuclear physics, with ramifications in related disciplines such as astroparticle physics. There are two main…
Lattice theory is used to explain the rest masses of the stable mesons and baryons and their spin. From the mass of the charged pi-mesons follows the mass of the muons. From the mass of the muons follows the mass of the electron. We do not…
A fundamental question of physics is what ultimately happens to matter as it is heated or compressed. In the realm of very high temperature and density the fundamental degrees of freedom of the strong interaction, quarks and gluons, come…
Visible matter is characterised by a single mass scale; namely, the proton mass. The proton's existence and structure are supposed to be described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD); yet, absent Higgs boson couplings, chromodynamics is scale…
We follow the example of Cabibbo by revising the Standard Model (SM) to present a universal mass structure for fermions. A universal Higgs coupling for each species of fundamental fermions moves the SM towards a Theory of Matter, albeit…
It is argued that the three families of quarks and leptons are the building blocks of all matter and all forces (leaving out gravity) among them are mediated by photons ($\gamma$), the weak bosons ($W^\pm$ and $Z$) and the gluons.
This dissertation aims to deepen the understanding of the primordial composition of the Universe in the temperature range 300 MeV>T>0.02 MeV. I exploit known properties of elementary particles and apply methods of kinetic theory and…
Most of the mass of everyday objects resides in atomic nuclei; the total of the electrons' mass adds up to less than one part in a thousand. The nuclei are composed of nucleons---protons and neutrons---whose nuclear binding energy, though…
The kernels in the tangible matter of our everyday experience are composed of light quarks. At least, they are light classically; but they don't remain light. Dynamical effects within the Standard Model of Particle Physics change them in…
Preons are hypothetic constituents of the standard particles. They were initially assumed to have basically similar properties to those of conventional matter. But this is not necessarily the case: the ultimate constituents of matter may…
In the model every quark or lepton is identified with a quartet of four "more elementary" particles. One particle in a quartet is a massive spin-0 boson and other three particles are massless spin-1/2 fermions.
This Resource Letter provides a guide to literature on the Standard Model of elementary particles and possible extensions. In the successful theory of quarks and leptons and their interactions, important questions remain, such as the…
A model is proposed in which quarks, leptons and perhaps gauge bosons are composites of magnetically charged rishons T(q=1/3) and V(q=0) with magnetic charges g=(1,2,-3)g0. Structural formulas of composite particles and their interactions…
The masses of the quarks and leptons are for the most part a mystery to particle physicists. Currently there seems to be no correlation between the masses of the elementary particles. This paper is an attempt to formulate a theory that…
The problem of the structure of nucleons and their interaction in the concept of nonperturbative QCD is discussed as an approach to studying the transformation of current quarks into constituent ones and the search for the mechanism of such…
Fundamental particles, regarded as the constituents of quarks and leptons, are described classicaly in the framework of the Weyl-Dirac version of Wesson's Induced Matter Theory. There are neutral particles and particles having charge…
A widely accepted viewpoint is to consider candidates for cosmological dark matter as neutral and weakly interacting particles, as well as to consider only light elements in the pregalactic chemical composition. It is shown that stable…
One of the key assumptions of the Standard Model of fundamental particles is that the interactions of the charged leptons, namely electrons, muons, and taus, differ only because of their different masses. While precision tests comparing…
Protons and neutrons are the building blocks of matter, glued together in nuclei by strong interactions. They can be excited by pions, real and virtual photons, neutrinos and other probes. These excitations are referred to as light baryon…
Atomic nuclei are the core of everything we can see. At the first level of approximation, their atomic weights are simply the sum of the masses of all the nucleons they contain. Each nucleon has a mass $m_N \approx 1\,$GeV, i.e.…