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We present a generalization of the variational principle that is compatible with any Hamiltonian eigenstate that can be specified uniquely by a list of properties. This variational principle appears to be compatible with a wide range of…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-02-07 Jacqueline A. R. Shea , Elise Gwin , Eric Neuscamman

The spinless Salpeter equation can be regarded as the eigenvalue equation of a Hamiltonian that involves the relativistic kinetic energy and therefore is, in general, a nonlocal operator. Accordingly, it is hard to find solutions of this…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-20 Wolfgang Lucha , Franz F. Schöberl

Quantum simulation of chemical systems is one of the most promising near-term applications of quantum computers. The variational quantum eigensolver, a leading algorithm for molecular simulations on quantum hardware, has a serious…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-16 Harper R. Grimsley , Sophia E. Economou , Edwin Barnes , Nicholas J. Mayhall

A fundamental challenge in quantum physics is determining the ground-state properties of many-body systems. Whereas standard approaches, such as variational calculations, consist of writing down a wave function ansatz and minimizing over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Jie Wang , David Jansen , Irénée Frerot , Marc-Olivier Renou , Victor Magron , Antonio Acín

We give a simple proof of the well known fact that the approximate eigenvalues provided by the Rayleigh-Ritz variational method are increasingly accurate upper bounds to the exact ones. To this end, we resort to the variational principle,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-07 Francisco M. Fernández

The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and illustrate, once again, the potency of the variational technique as an approximation procedure for the quantization of quantum mechanical systems. By choosing particle-in-a-box…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-01 Kunle Adegoke , Adenike Olatinwo , Henry Otobrise , Rauf Giwa , Gbenga Olunloyo

Spinless Salpeter equation for two bound particles is analyzed. We use the fact that in relativistic kinematics the spatial two particle relative momentum is relativistic invariant. Free particle hypothesis for the bound state is developed:…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-12-18 Mikhail N. Sergeenko

In this paper, we investigate whether Variational Principles can be associated with the Helmholtz equation subject to impedance (absorbing) boundary conditions. This model has been extensively studied in the literature from both…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-18 G. Makrakis , C. Makridakis , D. Mitsoudis , M. Plexousakis , T. Pryer

We propose two different strategies to find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a given, not necessarily Hermitian, matrix $A$. Our methods apply also to the case of complex eigenvalues, making the strategies interesting for applications to…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-06-24 Fabio Bagarello , Francesco Gargano

In this work, we investigate the convergence of numerical approximations to coercivity constants of variational problems. These constants are essential components of rigorous error bounds for reduced-order modeling; extension of these…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-05-25 Peter Sentz , Jehanzeb Hameed Chaudhry , Luke N. Olson

Finding the eigenvalues connected to the covariance operator of a centred Hilbert-space valued Gaussian process is genuinely considered a hard problem in several mathematical disciplines. In statistics this problem arises for instance in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-16 Bruno Ebner , María Dolores Jiménez-Gamero , Bojana Milošević

Solving non-Hermitian quantum many-body systems on a quantum computer by minimizing the variational energy is challenging as the energy can be complex. Here, based on energy variance, we propose a variational method for solving the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-21 Xu-Dan Xie , Zheng-Yuan Xue , Dan-Bo Zhang

A variational method is studied based on the minimum of energy variance. The method is tested on exactly soluble problems in quantum mechanics, and is shown to be a useful tool whenever the properties of states are more relevant than the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-01-07 Luca Marotta , Fabio Siringo

Slater determinants have underpinned quantum chemistry for nearly a century, yet their full potential has remained challenging to exploit. In this work, we show that a variational wavefunction composed of a few hundred optimized…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Clemens Giuliani , Jannes Nys , Rocco Martinazzo , Giuseppe Carleo , Riccardo Rossi

Quantum variational algorithms are one of the most promising applications of near-term quantum computers; however, recent studies have demonstrated that unless the variational quantum circuits are configured in a problem-specific manner,…

The symplectic eigenvalues play a significant role in finite mode quantum information theory, and Williamson normal form proves to be a valuable tool in this area. Understanding the symplectic spectrum of a Gaussian Covariance Operator is a…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-01 V. B. Kiran Kumar , Anmary Tonny

Simulating the Hubbard model is of great interest to a wide range of applications within condensed matter physics, however its solution on classical computers remains challenging in dimensions larger than one. The relative simplicity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Antonios M. Alvertis , Abid Khan , Thomas Iadecola , Peter P. Orth , Norm Tubman

Reliable and efficient computation of the pseudospectral abscissa in the large-scale setting is still not settled. Unlike the small-scale setting where there are globally convergent criss-cross algorithms, all algorithms in the large-scale…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-09 Waqar Ahmed , Emre Mengi

Variational approaches are among the most powerful modern techniques to approximately solve quantum many-body problems. These encompass both variational states based on tensor or neural networks, and parameterized quantum circuits in…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2021-02-02 Kevin Zhang , Samuel Lederer , Kenny Choo , Titus Neupert , Giuseppe Carleo , Eun-Ah Kim

By design, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) strives to recover the lowest-energy eigenvalue of a given Hamiltonian by preparing quantum states guided by the variational principle. In practice, the prepared quantum state is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-29 Daniel Claudino , Jerimiah Wright , Alexander J. McCaskey , Travis S. Humble