Related papers: Percolation and cosmic ray physics above $10^{17}$…
We present measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum $X_\mathrm{max}$, inferred for the first time on an event-by-event level using the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Using deep learning, we were able to…
The specific shear viscosity $\bar\eta$ of a classically rotating system of nucleons that interact via a monopole pairing interaction is calculated including the effects of thermal fluctuations and coupling to pair vibrations within the…
The validity of our Monte Carlo simulation procedure (the time sequential procedure) had been verified by the corresponding analytical procedure which is independent of our method methodologically. Also, the results obtained by our…
Fluctuations in the muon content of extensive air showers are anticorrelated to the fluctuations of the energy taken by the neutral pions which emerge from the first interaction of the cosmic ray in the atmosphere. We show that the…
The distribution of depth in which a cosmic ray air shower reaches its maximum number of particles ($X_{max}$) is studied and parametrized. Three functions are studied for proton, carbon, silicon, and iron primary particles with energies…
Upward throughgoing muons in underground detectors are induced by atmospheric $\nu_\mu$ with energies in the $1-10^4 GeV$ range. The oscillations of atmospheric muon neutrinos should affect mainly those with energy smaller than $E_\nu \sim…
We describe a new approach to establishing the mass composition at high energies. Based on measuring both the vertical and inclined shower rates, it has the potential to distinguish heavy nuclei from light nuclei. We apply the method to…
Recent measurements at the LHC of the p-p total cross section have reduced the uncertainty in simulations of cosmic ray air showers. In particular of the depth of shower maximum, called $X_{max}$. However, uncertainties of other important…
Characteristics of the muon component in EAS are analyzed together with their fluctuations. The aim of this analysis -- a comparison of experimental data with computational results obtained within frameworks of various hadron interaction…
Several energy spectra of cosmic rays with energies E_0 \geq 10^17 eV measured at the Yakutsk EAS, AGASA, Haverah Park, HiRes, Auger, and SUGAR arrays are considered. It is shown that the fairly good mutual agreement of the spectrum shapes…
Ground-based cosmic ray experiments detect cosmic ray mainly by measuring the longitudinal and lateral distribution of secondary particles produced in the extensive air shower (EAS). The EAS of cosmic ray in the knee energy region is…
Decays $K^{+} \rightarrow \mu^{+}\nu_{\mu} \nu \bar \nu$ and $K^{+}\rightarrow e^{+}\nu_{e} \nu \bar \nu$ are examined to the leading order in momenta in the framework of Chiral Perturbation Theory. Predictions of the Standard Model for the…
The energetics, spectrum, and composition of cosmic rays with energies below about $10^{15}$ eV are fairly well explained by models involving supernova shocks. In contrast, no widely accepted theory exists for the origin of ultra-high…
Several air shower observatories have established that the number of muons produced in UHE air showers is significantly larger than that predicted by models. We argue that the only solution to this muon deficit, compatible with the observed…
For the high energy electromagnetic showers the thickness dependence of a) the development of electron and positron components, b) the difference between the secondary electron and positron numbers, c) the charge asymmetry of high energy…
The arrival time coherence of particles in the Ultra High Energy Air Showers where the center of mass energy of the interaction is of the order of $10^{15} eV$, puts strict constraint on the propagation of particles in a hypothetical…
We discuss the lateral distribution of charged particles in extensive air showers with energy above $10^{17}$ eV measured by surface scintillation detectors of Yakutsk EAS array. The analysis covers the data obtained during the period from…
The primary cosmic rays particles with energies above 10**20 eV have been observed at many extensive air shower arrays since the beginning of observations over 40 years ago. The validity of measurements of signal s(600) used as energy…
Some discrepancies have been reported between observed and simulated muon content of extensive air showers: the number of observed muons exceeded the expectations in HiRes-MIA, Yakutsk and Pierre Auger Observatory data. Here, we analyze the…
Results of the search for $\sim (10^{16} - 10^{17.5})$ eV primary cosmic-ray photons with the data of the Moscow State University (MSU) Extensive Air Shower (EAS) array are reported. The full-scale reanalysis of the data with modern…