Related papers: Quantum Version of Gauge Invariance and Nucleon In…
The spin structure of nucleon at twist 2 and 3 levels is analyzed. The contribution of quark and gluon spins to nucleon spin are Lorentz invariant, while it is not sure for orbital angular momentum. The conserved fractional moments of…
Using a system of the corresponding Schwinger-Dyson equations of motion, a pure dynamical theory of quark confinement and spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry is formulated. It is based on dominated in the QCD vacuum self-interaction of…
Since the particles such as molecules, atoms and nuclei are composite particles, it is important to recognize that physics must be invariant for the composite particles and their constituent particles, this requirement is called particle…
Starting from the Weyl gauge formulation of quantum electrodynamics (QED), the formalism of quantum-mechanical gauge fixing is extended using techniques from nonrelativistic QED. This involves expressing the redundant gauge degrees of…
We study the commutation relations, uncertainty relations and spectra of position and momentum operators within the framework of quantum group % symmetric Heisenberg algebras and their (Bargmann-) Fock representations. As an effect of the…
It is well known that in gauge theories, the spin (and orbital angular momentum) of gauge particles is not gauge invariant, although the helicity is; neither are the canonical momentum and canonical angular momentum of charged particles.…
A quick and simplified review of the 5D quantum field theory is presented. The role of topological mapping, which must preserve gauge invariance, is done in two ways, leading to the realization of the gauge transformation in the 5D…
We show how the widely used concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking can be explained in causal perturbation theory by introducing a perturbative version of quantum gauge invariance. Perturbative gauge invariance, formulated exclusively by…
At a low resolution scale with $Q^2={\mu}^2$ corresponding to the nucleon bound state; deep inelastic unpolarized structure functions $F_1(x,{\mu}^2)$ and $F_2(x,{\mu}^2)$ are derived with correct support using the symmetric part of the…
The role of gauge invariance is reconsidered by "deriving it without assuming it" within an autonomous approach to interactions of Standard Model particles. In this approach, the renormalizable interactions are purely constrained by quantum…
This work provides the fundamental theoretical framework for the molecular cavity Quantum Electrodynamics by resolving the gauge ambiguities between the Coulomb gauge and the dipole gauge Hamiltonian under the electronic state truncation.…
Starting from the observation that in Yang-Mills theory the Schroedinger state functional in the momentum representation is not gauge invariant, we investigate the reversed question: Which are the representations for the operators of a…
The interpretation of nuclear observables in the laboratory frame in terms of the intrinsic deformation parameters beta and gamma is a classical theme in nuclear structure. Here we use the quadrupole invariants (Kumar), calculated within…
The problem of gauge invariance of the physical sector of (2+1)-dimensional Maxwell-Chern-Simons quantum electrodynamics (QED$_{2+1}$) is studied. It is shown that using Proca mass term for the infrared regularization one obtains…
Bargmann invariants, a class of gauge-invariant quantities arising from the overlaps of quantum state vectors, provide a profound and unifying framework for understanding the geometric structure of quantum mechanics. This survey offers a…
The basic premise of Quantum Mechanics, embodied in the doctrine of wave-particle duality, assigns both, a particle and a wave structure to the physical entities. The classical laws describing the motion of a particle and the evolution of a…
The role of models in Quantum Chromodynamics is to produce simple physical pictures that connect the phenomenological regularities with the underlying structure. The static properties of hadrons have provided experimental input to define a…
The properties of the vacuum are described by quantum physics including the response to external fields such as electromagnetic radiation. Of the two parameters that govern the details of the electromagnetic field dynamics in vacuum, one is…
~Based on the gauge invariant quark canonical momentum we construct two theoretically possible decompositions of nucleon momentum to those of quarks and gluons. We predict that either 6% or 21% of nucleon momentum is carried by gluons,…
We argue that the demand of background independence in a quantum theory of gravity calls for an extension of standard geometric quantum mechanics. We discuss a possible kinematical and dynamical generalization of the latter by way of a…