Related papers: Why quarks cannot be fundamental particles
Nucleons and electrons were once considered elementary particles, a role nowadays taken by quarks and leptons. Here, mainly at the group theoretical level, we examine the unorthodox idea that nucleons and electrons share the same level of…
Preons are hypothetic constituents of the standard particles. They were initially assumed to have basically similar properties to those of conventional matter. But this is not necessarily the case: the ultimate constituents of matter may…
By using a language as accessible to a broad audience as possible, in this note we present evidence suggesting scientific caution prior to final claims that neutrinos and quarks are actual physical particles existing in our spacetime. We…
In continuation of our model of composite electron, its companion neutrinos, photon and electro-weak gauge bosons as well as their super-partners based on extended Lorentz group $SU(3)\otimes SU(3)$ in (8+1) dimensional space-time, we show…
We show that the non-appearance of gluons and quarks as physical particles is a rigorous and automatic result of the full, i.e. nonperturbative, nonabelian nature of the color interaction in quantum chromodynamics. This makes it in general…
In this brief note insightful remarks are made on the controversy on the decomposition of the proton spin into the spin and orbital angular momenta of quarks and gluons. It is argued that the difference in the perception on the nature of…
An alternative approach to the Standard Model is outlined, being motivated by the increasing theoretical and experimental difficulties encountered by this model, which furthermore fails to be unitary. In particular, the conceptual…
It is well known and well established by scientific observation that a free neutron radioactively decays into a proton plus an electron plus an anti-neutrino with a mean life time before decay of about 900 seconds. That established fact…
A widely accepted viewpoint is to consider candidates for cosmological dark matter as neutral and weakly interacting particles, as well as to consider only light elements in the pregalactic chemical composition. It is shown that stable…
In order to include massive neutrino theoretically, a new concept of the weak charges of the particles, fundamental fermions, intermediate bosons and hadrons, is introduced. A new conservation law of the weak charge is first reported.…
Since the particles such as molecules, atoms and nuclei are composite particles, it is important to recognize that physics must be invariant for the composite particles and their constituent particles, this requirement is called particle…
Quantum theory and Lorentz structure are the twin pillars of fundamental physics today. With quantum theory kept and Lorentz structure replaced by Euclidean Jordan algebra --- a more fundamental structure, one naturally arrives at the…
In spite of the general belief that neutrinos are Majorana particles, their character should be revealed experimentally. We begin by discussing why it is so difficult in terrestrial experiments. If neutrinos are Majorana particles, the…
Neutrinos are the only fundamental fermions which have no electric charges. Because of that neutrinos have no direct electromagnetic interaction and at relatively small energies they can take part only in weak processes with virtual…
In the model every quark or lepton is identified with a quartet of four "more elementary" particles. One particle in a quartet is a massive spin-0 boson and other three particles are massless spin-1/2 fermions.
Some hypothetical particles are considered essentially undetectable because they are far too light and slow-moving to transfer appreciable energy or momentum to the normal matter that composes a detector. I propose instead directly…
Our concept of the basic constituents of matter has undergone two revolutionary changes -- from atoms to proton & neutron and then onto quarks & leptons. Indeed all these quarks and leptons have been seen by now along with the carriers of…
Some recent results and problems in the theory of particles containing heavy quarks ar reviewed.
Stable charged heavy leptons and quarks can exist and hide in elusive atoms, bound by Coulomb attraction and playing the role of dark matter. However, in the expanding Universe it is not possible to recombine all the charged particles into…
As the density of matter increases, atomic nuclei disintegrate into nucleons and, eventually, the nucleons themselves disintegrate into quarks. The phase transitions (PT's) between these phases can vary from steep first order to smooth…