Related papers: Gauge Invariance in 2PI Effective Actions
Gauge freedom in quantum electrodynamics (QED) outside of textbook regimes is reviewed. It is emphasized that QED subsystems are defined relative to a choice of gauge. Each definition uses different gauge-invariant observables. This…
Gravity can be considered as an effective quantum field theory with reliable, but limited predictions. Though the influence of gravity on gauge and other interactions of elementary particles is still an open question. We calculate the…
Gauge invariance and soft limits can be enough to determine the analytic structure of scattering amplitudes in certain theories. This prompts the question of how gauge invariance is connected to analytic structure in more general theories.…
The two-particle irreducible (2PI) effective action theories are employed to study the strongly fluctuating electron systems, under the formalism of the two-dimensional Hubbard model. We obtain the corresponding quantum 2PI effective action…
We construct gauge invariant 1PI effective action for the NS sector of type II and heterotic string field theory. By construction, zero eigenvalues of the kinetic operator of this action determine the renormalized physical masses, and tree…
Using connection with quantum field theory, the infinitesimal covariant abelian gauge transformation laws of relativistic two-particle constraint theory wave functions and potentials are established and weak invariance of the corresponding…
We derive the quantum effective action up to second order in gradients and up to two-loop order for an interacting scalar field theory. This expansion of the effective action is useful to study problems in cosmological settings where…
We calculate the effective action for a constant magnetic field and a time-dependent time-component of the gauge field in 2+1 dimensions at finite temperature. We also discuss the behaviour of the charge density and the fermion condensate…
The effective potential of the Standard Model (SM), from three loop order and higher, suffers from infra-red (IR) divergences arising from quantum effects due to massless would-be Goldstone bosons associated with the longitudinal…
The possibility of having a gauge fixing term in the effective Lagrangian that is not a quadratic expression has been explored in spin-two theories so as to have a propagator that is both traceless and transverse. We first show how this…
The effective gauge field actions generated by charged fermions in $QED_3$ and $QCD_3$ can be made invariant under both small and large gauge transformations at any temperature by suitable regularization of the Dirac operator determinant,…
The main results are: 1. A manifestly covariant technique for the calculation of De Witt coefficients is elaborated; 2. The coefficients $a_3$ and $a_4$ are calculated; 3. Covariant methods for the study of the nonlocal structure of the…
We discuss gauge symmetry and Ward-Takahashi identities for Wilsonian flows in pure Yang-Mills theories. The background field formalism is used for the construction of a gauge invariant effective action. The symmetries of the effective…
We consider the parity invariant (2+1)-dimensional QED where the matter is represented as a mixture of fermions with opposite spins. It is argued that the perturbative ground state of the system is unstable with respect to the formation of…
Based on a methodological analysis of the effective action approach certain conceptual foundations of quantum field theory are reconsidered to establish a quest for an equation for the effective action. Relying on the functional integral…
A gauge invariant electromagnetic two-point function, crucial to the investigations of the violation of isospin symmetry, is derived for heavy-light quark systems. Thus QED can be consistently introduced into the QCD Sum Rule method, which…
The Global Color-symmetry Model of QCD is extended to deal with a background electromagnetic field and the associated conserved current is identified for composite $\bar{q}q$ pion modes of the model. Although the analysis is limited to tree…
It is well known that effective potentials can be gauge-dependent while their values at extrema should be gauge-invariant. Unfortunately, establishing this invariance in perturbation theory is not straightforward, since contributions from…
We work with $\phi^4$ theory and study the 4PI effective action at 3-loop order. We discuss the relationship between the equations of motion obtained by taking functional derivatives of the effective action with respect to the variational…
Quantum field theory is assumed to be gauge invariant. However it is well known that when certain quantities are calculated using perturbation theory the results are not gauge invariant. The non-gauge invariant terms have to be removed in…