Related papers: Event-by-Event Analysis and the Central Limit Theo…
Matter described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions, may undergo phase transitions when its temperature and the chemical potentials are varied. QCD at finite temperature is studied in the laboratory by…
Motivated by forthcoming experiments at RHIC and LHC, and results from SPS, a review is given of the present state of event-by-event fluctuations in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Fluctuations in particle multiplicities, ratios,…
I review recent measurements of a large set of flow observables associated with event-shape fluctuations and collective expansion in heavy ion collisions. First, these flow observables are classified and experiment methods are introduced.…
We investigate the possibility of selecting heavy ion collision events with certain features in the initial state ("event engineering"). Anisotropic flow measurements in heavy ion reactions have confirmed the almost ideal fluid dynamical…
The QCD critical point can be found in heavy ion collision experiments via the non-monotonic behavior of many fluctuation observables as a function of the collision energy. The event-by-event fluctuations of various particle multiplicities…
The effect of limiting the acceptance in rapidity on event-by-event multiplicity fluctuations in nucleus-nucleus collisions has been investigated. Our analysis shows that the multiplicity fluctuations decrease when the rapidity acceptance…
The heavy ion physics approach to global event characterization has led us to instrument the forward region in the PHENIX experiment at RHIC. In heavy ion collisions this coverage yields a measurement of the "spectator" energy and its…
A distributional symmetry is invariance of a distribution under a group of transformations. Exchangeability and stationarity are examples. We explain that a result of ergodic theory provides a law of large numbers: If the group satisfies…
The multiplicity fluctuations are sensitive to QCD phase transition and to the presence of critical point in QCD phase diagram. At critical point a system undergoing phase transition is characterized by large fluctuations in the observables…
The nucleus-nucleus impact parameter and collision geometry of a heavy ion collision are typically characterized by assigning a collision "centrality". In all present heavy ion experiments centrality is measured indirectly, by detecting the…
Measurements of event-by-event fluctuations of charged-particle multiplicities in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented in the pseudorapidity range…
The search for the critical point of QCD in heavy-ion collision experiments has sparked enormous interest with the completion of phase I of the RHIC beam energy scan. Here, I review the basics of the thermodynamics of the QCD phase…
We confront for the first time the widely-held belief that combined event-by-event information from quark gluon plasma signals can reduce the ambiguity of the individual signals. We illustrate specifically how the measured antiproton yield…
We discuss the non-equilibrium critical phenomena in liquids, and the models for these phenomena based on local equilibrium and extended scaling assumptions. Special situations are proposed for experimental tests of the theory.…
The critical behaviors of quark-hadron phase transition are explored by use of the Ising model adapted for hadron production. Various measures involving the fluctuations of the produced hadrons in bins of various sizes are examined with the…
The centrality or the number of initial-state sources $V$ of the system produced in heavy ion collision is a concept that is not uniquely defined and subject to significant theoretical and experimental uncertainties. We argue that a more…
Non-statistical event-by-event fluctuations of the mean transverse momentum of charged particles in pp and Pb-Pb collisions are studied using the ALICE experiment at the LHC. Little collision energy dependence is observed in pp. The data…
We explain how event-by-event fluctuations of particle ratios can constrain and falsify the statistical model of particle production in heavy ion collisions, using $K/\pi$ fluctuations as an example. We define an observable capable of…
The performance of the Bayesian unfolding method in extracting the event-by-event (EbyE) distributions of harmonic flow coefficients v_n is investigated using a toy model simulation, as well as simulations based on the HIJING and AMPT…
In biomedical settings, multitype recurrent events such as stroke and heart failure occur frequently, often concluding with a terminal event such as death. Understanding the links between these recurring and terminal events is fundamental…