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The classical Penrose inequality specifies a lower bound on the total mass in terms of the area of certain trapped surfaces. This fails at the semiclassical level. We conjecture a Quantum Penrose Inequality: the mass at spatial infinity is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-12-18 Raphael Bousso , Arvin Shahbazi-Moghaddam , Marija Tomasevic

We restate Kay's 1998 hypothesis which simultaneously offers an objective definition for the entropy of a closed system, a microscopic foundation for the Second Law, a resolution of the Information Loss (and other) Black-Hole Puzzle(s) and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-10-05 Bernard S. Kay , Varqa Abyaneh

The Di{\'o}si-Penrose model is explored in a relativistic context. Relativistic effects were considered within a recently proposed Grave de Peralta approach [L. Grave de Peralta, {\em Results Phys.} {\bf 18} (2020) 103318], which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-02 Luis A. Poveda , Luis Grave de Peralta , Arquimedes Ruiz-Columbié

It has been suggested by Diosi and Penrose that the occurrence of quantum state reduction in macroscopic objects is related to a manifestation of gravitational effects in quantum mechanics. Although within Penrose's framework the dynamics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-04-29 Jasper van Wezel , Jeroen van den Brink

A new approach to wavefunction collapse is prepared by an analysis of semiclassical gravity. The fact that, in semiclassical gravity, superposed states must share a common classical spacetime geometry, even if they prefer (according to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-02 Garrelt Quandt-Wiese

Attempting to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics is one of the great undertakings of contemporary physics. Here we present how the incompatibility between the two theories arises in the simple thought experiment of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-23 Mario F. Gely , Gary A. Steele

Gravitation, according to General Relativity, is an attribute of space-time's geometry and hence not a force in the Newtonian sense. This is a consequence of Einstein's equivalence principle, which so far passed all experimental tests with…

Popular Physics · Physics 2013-09-10 Domenico Giulini

Penrose has been advocating the view that the collapse of the wave function is rooted in the incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics. On the basis of conceptual analysis, he arrived at an estimate for the collapse…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-04 Tjerk H. Oosterkamp , Jan Zaanen

Penrose's original heuristic for his eponymous spacetime inequality -- a conjectured lower bound on the ADM mass in terms of the area of a horizon cross-section -- relies on the black hole final state conjecture. In this paper we isolate a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-19 Ahmed Ellithy

The global hyperbolicity assumption present in gravitational collapse singularity theorems is in tension with the quantum mechanical phenomenon of black hole evaporation. In this work I show that the causality conditions in Penrose's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-08-31 E. Minguzzi

Although the standard viewpoint in theoretical physics is that the unification of quantum theory and general relativity requires the quantization of gravity and spacetime, there is not consensus about whether spacetime must fundamentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-23 Damián Pitalúa-García

That gravitation can be understood as purely metric phenomenon depends crucially on the validity of a number of hypotheses which are summarised by the Einstein Equivalence Principle, the least well tested part of which being the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-03 Domenico Giulini

Einstein's general theory of relativity poses many problems to the quantum theory of point particle fields. Among them is the fate of a massive point particle. Since its rest mass exists entirely within its Schwarzschild radius, in the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 B. F. L. Ward

It is univocally anticipated that in a theory of quantum gravity, there exist quantum superpositions of semiclassical states of spacetime geometry. Such states could arise for example, from a source mass in a superposition of spatial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-01-20 Joshua Foo , Robert B. Mann , Magdalena Zych

Quantum mechanics is an extremely successful theory that agrees with every experiment. However, the principle of linear superposition, a central tenet of the theory, apparently contradicts a commonplace observation: macroscopic objects are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-20 Angelo Bassi , Kinjalk Lochan , Seema Satin , Tejinder P. Singh , Hendrik Ulbricht

The cosmic censorship hypothesis introduced by Penrose thirty years ago is still one of the most important open questions in {\it classical} general relativity. The main goal of this paper is to put forward the idea that cosmic censorship…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Shahar Hod

The starting point of quantum mechanics is the relationship between energy and momentum: energy is proportional to the squared momentum! As a result, energy and momentum have not been treated equally. The wave equation required by…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-30 Jin He

This paper has been withdrawn by the author after further work showed the proposed theoretical approach cannot fit planetary perihelion precession data. As presented, the theory doesn't fit gravitational light deflection by the sun either,…

General Physics · Physics 2014-03-28 Steven Kenneth Kauffmann

Quantum mechanics represents one of the greatest triumphs of human intellect and, undoubtedly, is the most successful physical theory we have to date. However, since its foundation about a century ago, it has been uninterruptedly the center…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-08 Andrea Aiello , J. P. Woerdman

Validity of just a few physical conditions comprising the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP) suffices to ensure that gravity can be understood as space-time geometry. EEP is therefore subject to an ongoing experimental verification, with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-02-04 Magdalena Zych , Caslav Brukner