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The various roles of boundary terms in the gravitational Lagrangian and Hamiltonian are explored. A symplectic Hamiltonian-boundary-term approach is ideally suited for a large class of quasilocal energy-momentum expressions for general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Chiang-Mei Chen , James M. Nester

We show that gravitational energy expression simplifies when a new set of coordinates that satisfies a certain asymptotic gauge condition is used. Compared to the ADM formula, positivity of the energy is more transparent in this new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-02-14 Ozgur Sarioglu , Bayram Tekin

The Hamiltonian for a gravitating region includes a boundary term which determines not only the quasi-local values but also, via the boundary variation principle, the boundary conditions. Using our covariant Hamiltonian formalism, we found…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-29 Chiang-Mei Chen , James M. Nester , Roh-Suan Tung

The boundary term of the gravitational Hamiltonian can be used to give the values of the quasi-local quantities as long as one can provide a suitable evolution vector field and an appropriate reference. On the two-surface boundary of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-04 Gang Sun , Chiang-Mei Chen , Jian-Liang Liu , James M. Nester

We have proposed a program for determining the reference for the quasi-local energy defined in the covariant Hamiltonian formalism. Our program has been tested by applying it to the spherically symmetric spacetimes. With respect to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-20 Chiang-Mei Chen , Jian-Liang Liu , James M. Nester , Ming-Fan Wu

A quasi-local energy for Einstein's general relativity is defined by the value of the preferred boundary term in the covariant Hamiltonian formalism. The boundary term depends upon a choice of reference and a time-like displacement vector…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-28 Jian-Liang Liu , Chiang-Mei Chen , James M Nester

Witten's proof for the positivity of the ADM mass gives a definition of energy in terms of three-surface spinors. In this paper, we give a generalisation for the remaining six Poincar\'e charges at spacelike infinity, which are the angular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-02-14 Wolfgang Wieland

The null infinity limit of the gravitational energy-momentum and energy flux determined by the covariant Hamiltonian quasi-local expressions is evaluated using the NP spin coefficients. The reference contribution is considered by three…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Xiaoning Wu , Chiang-Mei Chen , James M. Nester

We define a quasilocal energy of a compact manifold-with-boundary, relative to a background manifold. The construction uses spinors on one manifold and the pullback of dual spinors from the other manifold. We prove positivity results for…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2023-12-05 John Lott

The Hamiltonian of a gravitational system defined in a region with boundary is quantized. The classical Hamiltonian, and starting point for the regularization, is required by functional differentiablity of the Hamiltonian constraint. The…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Seth A. Major

Moller's tetrad gravitational energy-momentum "tensor" is evaluated for a small vacuum region using an orthonormal frame adapted to Riemann normal coordinates. We find that it does satisfy the highly desired property of being a positive…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Lau Loi So , James M. Nester

We derive an expression for effective gravitational mass for any closed spacelike 2-surface. This effective gravitational energy is defined directly through the geometrical quantity of the freely falling 2-surface and thus is well adapted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Keita Ikumi , Tetsuya Shiromizu

We derive the gravitational Hamiltonian starting from the Gauss-Bonnet action, keeping track of all surface terms. This is done using the language of orthonormal frames and forms to keep things as tidy as possible. The surface terms in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Antonio Padilla

The gravitational energy is examined in asymptotically de Sitter space-times. The positivity will be shown for certain cases. The de Sitter/CFT(dS/CFT) correspondence recently proposed and cosmic no-hair conjecture are testified in the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-02-03 Tetsuya Shiromizu , Daisuke Ida , Takashi Torii

We construct the gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor of up to fourth-order conformally invariant theories of gravity. Then we linearize the pseudo-tensor and use its average over a macroscopic region to find the energy and momentum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-29 F. F. Faria

Generally, the local interactions in a many-body quantum spin system on a lattice do not commute with each other. Consequently, the Hamiltonian of a local region will generally not commute with that of the entire system, and so the two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-11 Itai Arad , Tomotaka Kuwahara , Zeph Landau

Introduction of Vaidya metrics into the Expansive Nondecelerative Universe model allows to localize the energy of gravitational field. On the assumption that there is an interaction of long-range gravitational and electromagnetic fields,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Miroslav Sukenik , Jozef Sima , Julius Vanko

Commuting Hamiltonians lie at the boundary between classical constraint satisfaction and quantum many-body physics, exhibiting rich quantum structure while remaining more tractable than general noncommuting models. In contrast, physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Islam Faisal , Anand Natarajan , Alexander Poremba

The problem of finding a covariant expression for the distribution and conservation of gravitational energy-momentum dates to the 1910s. A suitably covariant infinite-component localization is displayed, reflecting Bergmann's realization…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-10-10 J. Brian Pitts

The purpose of the classical Einstein and Landau-Lifshitz pseudotensors is for determining the gravitational energy. Neither of them can guarantee a positive energy in holonomic frames. In the small sphere approximation, it has been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-09-28 Lau Loi So