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Inhomogeneities are introduced in loop quantum cosmology using regular lattice states, with a kinematical arena similar to that in homogeneous models considered earlier. The framework is intended to encapsulate crucial features of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Martin Bojowald

In the framework of Loop Quantum Cosmology, inhomogeneous models are usually quantized by means of a hybrid approach that combines loop quantization techniques with standard quantum field theory methods. This approach is based on a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-23 B. Elizaga Navascués , M. Martín-Benito , G. A. Mena Marugán

Quantum gravity is expected to be necessary in order to understand situations where classical general relativity breaks down. In particular in cosmology one has to deal with initial singularities, i.e. the fact that the backward evolution…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-10-19 Martin Bojowald

This is an introduction to loop quantum cosmology (LQC) reviewing mini- and midisuperspace models as well as homogeneous and inhomogeneous effective dynamics.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-03-27 Kinjal Banerjee , Gianluca Calcagni , Mercedes Martín-Benito

This paper serves as a preparation of work that focuses on extracting cosmological sectors from Loop Quantum Gravity. We start with studying the extraction of subsystems from classical systems. A classical Hamiltonian system can be reduced…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Tim Koslowski

We introduce a class of states characterized by proposed conditions of homogeneity and isotropy in loop quantum gravity and construct concrete examples given by Bell-network states on a special class of homogeneous graphs. Such states…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-29 Bekir Baytas , Nelson Yokomizo

Loop quantum gravity is a mature theory. To proceed to explicit calculations in cosmology, it is necessary to make assumptions and simplifications based on the symmetries of the cosmological setting. Symmetry reduction is especially…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-03 Aurélien Barrau , Boris Bolliet

The basic idea of the LQC applies to every spatially homogeneous cosmological model, however only the spatially flat (so called $k=0$) case has been understood in detail in the literature thus far. In the closed (so called: k=1) case…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Lukasz Szulc , Wojciech Kaminski , Jerzy Lewandowski

We present a separable version of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) based on an inductive system of cubic lattices. We construct semi-classical states for which the LQG operators -- the flux, the area and the volume operators -- have the right…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-24 Johannes Aastrup , Jesper M. Grimstrup

This introductory review is addressed to beginning researchers. Some of the distinguishing features of loop quantum gravity are illustrated through loop quantum cosmology of FRW models. In particular, these examples illustrate: i) how…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-11 Abhay Ashtekar

Loop quantum gravity is a physical theory which aims at unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics. It takes general relativity very seriously and modifies it via a quantisation. General relativity describes gravity in terms of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-02 J. Manuel García-Islas

We define a modification of LQG in which graphs are required to consist in piecewise linear edges, which we call piecewise linear LQG (plLQG). At the diffeomorphism invariant level, we prove that plLQG is equivalent to standard LQG, as long…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-01-21 Jonathan Engle

The intention of this thesis is to provide general tools and concepts that allow to perform a mathematically substantiated symmetry reduction in (quantum) gauge field theories. Here, the main focus is on the framework of loop quantum…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-01-22 Maximilian Hanusch

Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC), mainly due to Bojowald, is not the cosmological sector of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Rather, LQC consists of a truncation of the phase space of classical General Relativity to spatially homogeneous situations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Johannes Brunnemann , Thomas Thiemann

Semi-classical states in homogeneous loop quantum cosmology (LQC) are constructed by two different ways. In the first approach, we firstly construct an exponentiated annihilation operator. Then a kind of semi-classical (coherent) state is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Huahai Tan , Yongge Ma

The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the current state of the art in loop quantum cosmology for three sets of audiences: young researchers interested in entering this area; the quantum gravity community in general; and,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-09-23 Abhay Ashtekar , Parampreet Singh

In gravitational theories with boundaries, diffeomorphisms can become physical and acquire a non-vanishing Noether charge. Using the covariant phase space formalism, on shell of the gravitational constraints, the latter localizes on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-08-11 Luca Ciambelli , Jerzy Kowalski-Glikman , Ludovic Varrin

Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) is one of the leading approaches to unify quantum physics and General Relativity (GR). The Hilbert space of LQG is spanned by spin-networks which describe the local geometry of quantum space-time. Simulation of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-21 Swapnil Nitin Shah

In loop quantum gravity, states of the gravitational field turn out to be excitations over a vacuum state that is sharply peaked on a degenerate spatial geometry. While this vacuum is singled out as fundamental due to its invariance…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-05-15 Tim Koslowski , Hanno Sahlmann

In the last decade, progress on quantization of homogeneous cosmological spacetimes using techniques of loop quantum gravity has led to insights on various fundamental questions and has opened new avenues to explore Planck scale physics.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-12-06 Ivan Agullo , Parampreet Singh