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Unruh effect states that the vacuum of a quantum field theory on Minkovski space-time looks like a thermal state for an eternal uniformly accelerated observer. Adaptation to the non eternal case causes a serious problem: if the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 P. Martinetti

We study the Unruh effect for an observer with a finite lifetime, using the thermal time hypothesis. The thermal time hypothesis maintains that: (i) time is the physical quantity determined by the flow defined by a state over an observable…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 P. Martinetti , C. Rovelli

A static observer with a finite lifetime has causal access to only a limited region of spacetime known as the causal diamond. The presence of an apparent horizon in the causal diamond, due to the observer's finite lifetime, is the origin of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-14 Abhijit Chakraborty , Horacio Camblong , Carlos Ordonez

Observers following special classes of finite-lifetime trajectories have been shown to experience an effective temperature, a generalisation of the Unruh temperature for uniformly accelerated observers. We consider a mirror following such a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-03 Joshua Foo , Sho Onoe , Magdalena Zych , Timothy C. Ralph

Thanks to a local interpetation of the KMS condition, the mapping from (unbounded) wedge regions of Minkowski space-time to (bounded) double-cone regions is extended to the Unruh temperature associated to relevant observers in both regions.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-07-22 Pierre Martinetti

It is shown how the characteristic thermal effects that observers experience in space-times possessing an event horizon can manifest already in a simple quantum system with affine symmetry living on the real line. The derivation presented…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-04-01 Michele Arzano

We investigate the Unruh effect for a massless scalar field in the two dimensional Minkowski space in the presence of a uniformly accelerated perfect mirror, with the trajectory of the mirror chosen in such a way that the mirror completely…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-02-05 Nistor Nicolaevici

Inspired by the novel idea proposed by T.~Padmanabhan in \textit{Phys.\ Rev.\ D 100, 045024 (2019)}, we develop a method to uncover the hidden thermal properties of the inertial Feynman propagator in Minkowski spacetime in a causally…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-04 Nada Eissa , Carlos R. Ordóñez , Gustavo Valdivia-Mera

The Unruh effect refers to the thermal fluctuations a detector experiences while undergoing linear motion with uniform acceleration in a Minkowski vacuum. This thermality can be demonstrated by tracing the vacuum state of the field over the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-12-10 Jason Doukas , Shih-Yuin Lin , B. L. Hu , Robert B. Mann

A new solution of a unitary moving mirror is found to produce finite energy and emit thermal radiation despite the absence of an acceleration horizon. In the limit that the mirror approaches the speed of light, the model corresponds to a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-07 Michael R. R. Good , Khalykbek Yelshibekov , Yen Chin Ong

In this work we consider the ontological status of the Unruh effect. Is it just a formal mathematical result? Or the temperature detected by an accelerating observer can lead to real physical effects such as phase transition. In order to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-17 Antonio Dobado

Macroscopic concepts pertaining to the Unruh effect are elaborated and used to clarify its physical manifestations. Based on a description of the motion of accelerated, spatially extended laboratories in Minkowski space in terms of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-16 Detlev Buchholz , Rainer Verch

In contrast to recent criticism we undertake to show that the notion of Unruh temperature describes a real thermal property of the vacuum if viewed from an accelerated reference frame. We embed our investigation in a more general analysis…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-11-08 Manfred Requardt

The Unruh effect predicts that an accelerated observer perceives the Minkowski vacuum as a thermal bath, but its direct observation requires extreme accelerations beyond current experimental reach. Foundational theory [Olson & Ralph, Phys.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Zhenghao Luo , Yi Li , Xingyu Zhao , Zihan Xie , Zehua Tian , Yiheng Lin

The Unruh effect -- according to which linearly accelerated observers with proper acceleration a= constant in the (no-particle) vacuum state of inertial observers experience a thermal bath of particles with temperature $T_U = a \hbar / (2…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-04-26 Gabriel Cozzella , Andre G. S. Landulfo , George E. A. Matsas , Daniel A. T. Vanzella

A uniformly accelerated system will get thermally excited due to interactions with the vacuum fluctuations of the quantum fields. This is the Unruh effect. Also a system accelerated in a circular orbit will be heated, but in this case…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Jon Magne Leinaas

In analyzing the nature of thermal radiance experienced by an accelerated observer (Unruh effect), an eternal black hole (Hawking effect) and in certain types of cosmological expansion, one of us proposed a unifying viewpoint that these can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Alpan Raval , B. L. Hu , Don Koks

The Hawking-Unruh effect of thermal radiance from a black hole or observed by an accelerated detector is usually viewed as a geometric effect related to the existence of an event horizon. Here we propose a new viewpoint, that the detection…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 B. L. Hu

We demonstrate that Schwarzschild spacetime has a conformal extension and that, beyond null infinity, there is a black hole with a timelike singularity. In conformal extended spacetime, every null infinity is a killing horizon with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-21 Yi-Bo Liang , Hong-Rong Li

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state in the temperature $T_{\text{lin}} = a/(2\pi)$, operationally measurable via the detailed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-28 Steffen Biermann , Sebastian Erne , Cisco Gooding , Jorma Louko , Jörg Schmiedmayer , William G. Unruh , Silke Weinfurtner
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