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We consider in a pedagogical fashion alterations to Newtonian gravity due to the postulate that all energy corresponds to active gravitational mass when applied to the self-energy of the gravitational field. We show why a simple addition of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 Domenico Giulini

We construct the gravitational energy-momentum tensor in general relativity through the Noether theorem. In particular, we explicitly demonstrate that the constructed quantity can vary as a tensor under the general coordinate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-01-20 Kazuharu Bamba , Katsutaro Shimizu

There are well-known problems associated with the idea of (local) gravitational energy in general relativity. We offer a new perspective on those problems by comparison with Newtonian gravitation, and particularly geometrized Newtonian…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2018-04-18 Neil Dewar , James Owen Weatherall

We give a derivation of the Einstein equation for gravity which employs a definition of the local energy density of the gravitational field as a symmetric second rank tensor whose value for each observer gives the trace of the spatial part…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-03-13 Maurice J. Dupre

It is now possible to partially deflect gravitation away from an object so that the gravitational attraction on the object is reduced. That effect makes it possible to extract energy from the gravitational field, which makes the generation…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-06-11 Roger Ellman

We construct the gravitational energy-momentum pseudo-tensor of up to fourth-order conformally invariant theories of gravity. Then we linearize the pseudo-tensor and use its average over a macroscopic region to find the energy and momentum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-29 F. F. Faria

We present a tensorial relative of the familiar affine connection and argue that it should be regarded as the gravitational field tensor. Remarkably, the Lagrangian density expressed in terms of this tensor has a simple form, which depends…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-12-08 Stephen M. Barnett

Motivated by a special consideration in quantum measurement, we present a new improved energy-momentum tensor. The new tensor differs from the traditional canonical and symmetric ones, and can be derived as Nother current from a Lagrangian…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-03-06 Tao Lei , Zi-Wei Chen , Zhen-Lai Wang , Xiang-Song Chen*

The energy-momentum for a gravitating system can be considered by the tetard teleparalle gauge current in orthonormal frames. Whereas the Einstein pseudotensor used holonomic frames. Tetrad expression itself gives a better result for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-13 Lau Loi So

We examine the corrections to the lowest order gravitational interactions of massive particles arising from gravitational radiative corrections. We show how the masslessness of the graviton and the gravitational self interactions imply the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 Niels Emil Jannik Bjerrum-Bohr , John F. Donoghue , Barry R. Holstein

After establishing the positivity constraint and spin content of the theory for gravitons interacting with a necessarily, and \textit{a priori}, \textit{non}-conserved external energy-momentum tensor, the expectation value formalism of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-11-12 E. B. Manoukian , S. Sukkhasena

The numerous ways of introducing spatial gravitational forces are fit together in a single framework enabling their interrelationships to be clarified. This framework is then used to treat the ``acceleration equals force" equation and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Robert T. Jantzen , Paolo Carini , Donato Bini

Gravitational radiation in plane-symmetric space-times can be encoded in a complex potential, satisfying a non-linear wave equation. An effective energy tensor for the radiation is given, taking a scalar-field form in terms of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Sean A. Hayward

In the article {\it Gen. Rel. Grav.} {\bf 32}, 1633 (2000), by J. G. Pereira and C. M. Zhang, the special relativity energy-momentum tensor was used to discuss the neutrino phase-splitting in a weak gravitational field. However, it would be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 J. G. Pereira , C. M. Zhang

We show that, in all metric theories of gravity with a general covariant action, gravity couples to the gravitational energy-momentum tensor in the same way it couples to the matter energy-momentum tensor order by order in the weak field…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-10-25 Tomas Ortin

A non-geometrical (but with curved space) theory of gravitation characterized by a vector field representing gravitational matter and a metric tensor presenting space is presented. It is derived from a more general theory of matter and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-03-13 Boris Hikin

In General Relativity, there have been many proposals for defining the gravitational energy density, notably those proposed by Einstein, Tolman, Landau and Lifshitz, Papapetrou, M{\o}ller, and Weinberg. In this review, we firstly explored…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-08-12 Salvatore Capozziello , Maurizio Capriolo , Gaetano Lambiase

A framework is developed which quantifies the local exchange of energy and momentum between matter and the linearized gravitational field. We derive the unique gravitational energy-momentum tensor consistent with this description, and find…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-26 Luke M. Butcher , Michael Hobson , Anthony Lasenby

In this paper we show how a gravitational field generated by a given energy-momentum distribution (for all realistic cases) can be represented by distinct geometrical structures (Lorentzian, teleparallel and non null nonmetricity…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-07-03 Waldyr A. Rodrigues

Moller's tetrad gravitational energy-momentum "tensor" is evaluated for a small vacuum region using an orthonormal frame adapted to Riemann normal coordinates. We find that it does satisfy the highly desired property of being a positive…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Lau Loi So , James M. Nester