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In the early 1970s, Jacob Bekenstein discovered that black holes have entropy, which became one of the greatest scientific revolutions of the second half of the 20th century. The objective of this paper is to present a simple derivation --…

Popular Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Jorge Pinochet

The first part of this work provides a review of recent research on generalised entropies and their origin, as well as its application to black hole thermodynamics. To start, it is shown that the Hawking temperature and the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-11 Emilio Elizalde , Shin'ichi Nojiri , Sergei D. Odintsov

Black hole entropy is a robust prediction of quantum gravity with no established phenomenological consequences to date. We use the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula and general-relativistic statistical mechanics to determine the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-10-23 Eugenio Bianchi , Anuradha Gupta , Hal M. Haggard , B. S. Sathyaprakash

In this paper, we successfully derive the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy for Schwarzschild black holes in various dimensions by using a non-trivial phase space. It is appealing to notice that the thermodynamics of a Schwarzschild black hole…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-05-05 Yong Xiao

This survey intends to cover recent approaches to black hole entropy which attempt to go beyond the standard semiclassical perspective. Quantum corrections to the semiclassical Bekenstein-Hawking area law for black hole entropy, obtained…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 Parthasarathi Majumdar

A simple regular black hole solution satisfying the weak energy condition is obtained within Einstein--non--linear electrodynamics theory. We have computed the thermodynamic properties of this black hole by a careful analysis of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-11-23 Nicolás Morales--Durán , Andrés F. Vargas , Paulina Hoyos--Restrepo , Pedro Bargueño

Statistical mechanics explains thermodynamics in terms of (quantum) mechanics by equating the entropy of a microstate of a closed system with the logarithm of the number of microstates in the macrostate to which it belongs, but the question…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Bernard S. Kay

We discuss the most interesting approaches to derivation of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula from a statistical theory.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 V. O. Soloviev

This is an introductory, up-to-date review of the essentials of black hole thermodynamics. The main topics surveyed are: (i) the four laws of thermodynamics as applied to a black hole horizon, and the current status of their proofs; (ii)…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-07-12 Aron C. Wall

Without imposing the trapping boundary conditions and only from within the very definition of area it is shown that the loop quantization of area manifests an unexpected degeneracy in area eigenvalues. This could lead to a deeper…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Mohammad H. Ansari

The coupling of a string to gravity allows for Schwarzschild black holes whose entropy to area relation is $S=(A/4)(1-4\mu)$, where $\mu$ is the string tension. This departure from the A/4 universality results from a string instanton…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-28 Francois Englert , Laurent Houart , Paul Windey

Black hole entropy is identified with the counting of the dynamical degrees of freedom of trapped gravitational modes continually sourced by the Hawking-Unruh process. In the context of linear perturbations of Schwarzschild spacetime the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-14 Seth Major , Daniel Rodriguez , Thomas Takis

We argue that a process where a fuzzy space splits in two others can be used to explain the origin of the black hole entropy, and why a "generalized second law of thermodynamics" appears to hold in the presence of black holes. We reach the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-18 C. A. S. Silva , R. R. Landim

We introduce a 'quasi-topological` term [1] in D=1+1 dimensions and the entropy for black holes is calculated [2]. The source of entropy in this case is justified by a non-null stress-energy tensor.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Carlos Pinheiro , F. C. Khanna

Newtonian gravitation with some slight modifications, along with some highly simplified ideas from quantum field theory allow us to reproduce, at least at the level of back-of-the-envelope calculations, many results of black hole physics.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-11-30 Aldo Martínez-Merino , Octavio Obregón , Michael P. Ryan

We suggest in this Letter that the Bekenstein-Hawking black hole entropy accounts for the degrees of freedom which are excited at low temperatures only and hence it leads to the negative specific heat. Taking into account the physical…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-19 Andrzej Z. Gorski , Pawel O. Mazur

We propose intuitive derivations of the Hawking temperature and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 P. R. Silva

Black holes are a continuing source of mystery. Although their classical properties have been understood since the 1970's, their quantum properties raise some of the deepest questions in theoretical physics. Some of these questions have…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-08-29 Gary T. Horowitz

Space-time singularities, viz. Big bang, Big crunch and black holes have been shown to follow from the singularity theorems of General relativity. Whether the entropy at such infinite proper-time objects can be other than zero has also been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Akinbo Ojo

Modes of physical fields which are located inside a horizon and which cannot be observed by a distant observer are identified with dynamical degrees of freedom of a black hole. A new invariant statistical mechanical definition of a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-05 Valery Frolov , Igor Novikov