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This is an introduction to orientifolds with emphasis on applications to duality. Based on lectures given at the 1997 Trieste Summer School on Particle Physics and Cosmology, Italy.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Atish Dabholkar

Identifying latent variables and the causal structure involving them is essential across various scientific fields. While many existing works fall under the category of constraint-based methods (with e.g. conditional independence or rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ignavier Ng , Xinshuai Dong , Haoyue Dai , Biwei Huang , Peter Spirtes , Kun Zhang

These notes overlap with lectures given at the TASI summer schools in 2014 and 2011, as well as at the European School of High Energy Physics in 2013. This is primarily an attempt at transcribing my hand-written notes, with emphasis on…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-10-28 Zoltan Ligeti

The first version of these lecture notes is based on the hand-written notes I prepared for the cosmology course taught to graduate students of PPGFis and PPGCosmo at the Federal University of Esp\'irito Santo (UFES), starting in 2014. The…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-24 Oliver F. Piattella

Classifying consistent effective field theories for the gravitational interaction has recently been the subject of intense research. Demanding the absence of causality violation in high energy graviton scattering processes has led to a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-10-13 Jose D. Edelstein , Rajes Ghosh , Alok Laddha , Sudipta Sarkar

These notes give an introduction to the Gabriel-Roiter measure of a finite dimensional algebra. They are based on a series of four lectures at the "Advanced School and Conference on Representation Theory and Related Topics" in Trieste…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2011-07-14 Henning Krause

In the causal set approach to discrete quantum gravity the universe grows one element at a time in discrete steps. At each step the process has the form of a causal set (causet) and the "completed" universe is given by a path through a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-10-01 Stanley P Gudder

This topical review gives a comprehensive overview and assessment of recent results in Causal Dynamical Triangulations (CDT), a modern formulation of lattice gravity, whose aim is to obtain a theory of quantum gravity nonperturbatively from…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-01-08 R. Loll

In this "map" we are going to present the concept of indefinite causal order and make a quick journey through its different flavours. We will start with a broad conceptual motivation for studying indefinite causal order, based on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-06 Jorge Escandón-Monardes

We find that relative locality, a recently proposed Planck-scale deformation of special relativity, suffers from the existence of causal loops. A simple and general construction of such on-shell loop processes is studied. We then show that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-12-04 Lin-Qing Chen

These are lecture notes of a course on Calogero-Moser systems and their connections with representation theory and geometry, given by the author in Zurich in May-June 2005.

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2009-12-21 Pavel Etingof

Late Winter Lecture Notes, Short Course (10 hours) of Relativistic Astrophysics held at the Department of Physics and Astronomy of the University of Padova, March 13-17, 2017. Third version.

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-08-08 Luigi Foschini

These lecture notes are an expanded write-up of my short lecture series "Noncommutative Resolutions" given to the MSRI Graduate Student Workshop "Noncommutative Algebraic Geometry" during June 2012. The notes include five chapters, an…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-30 M. Wemyss

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in learning high-level causal representations from low-level image pairs under interventions. Yet, existing efforts are largely limited to simple synthetic settings that are far away from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Yuejiang Liu , Alexandre Alahi , Chris Russell , Max Horn , Dominik Zietlow , Bernhard Schölkopf , Francesco Locatello

These notes are loosely based on lectures given at the CERN Winter School on Supergravity, Strings and Gauge theories, February 2009 and at the IPM String School in Tehran, April 2009. I have focused on a few concrete topics and also on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-02-03 Sean A. Hartnoll

The causal set approach to quantum gravity has gained traction over the past three decades, but numerical experiments involving causal sets have been limited to relatively small scales. The software suite presented here provides a new…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-09-17 William J. Cunningham , Dmitri Krioukov

This is a series of short teaching papers dealing with specific topics in a standard first-year undergraduate Physics course. ----- Este texto comp\~oe-se de quatro pequenas notas -- independentes entre si -- em que se discutem alguns…

Physics Education · Physics 2007-05-23 Oscar Bolina

Lectures given at the First School on Field Theory and Gravitation, Vit\'{o}ria, Esp\'{\i}rito Santo, Brazil, 15-19 April, 1997.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Fucito , A. Tanzini , L. C. Q. Vilar , O. S. Ventura , C. A. G. Sasaki , S. P. Sorella

Discovering causal relationships from observational data, particularly in the presence of latent variables, poses a challenging problem. While current local structure learning methods have proven effective and efficient when the focus lies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Feng Xie , Zheng Li , Peng Wu , Yan Zeng , Chunchen Liu , Zhi Geng

These notes correspond rather accurately to the translation of the lectures given at the Fifth Mexican School of Particles and Fields, held in Guanajuato, Gto., in December~1992. They constitute a brief and elementary introduction to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-26 M. Ruiz--Altaba