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This review gives an introduction to various attempts to understand the quantum nature of black holes. The first part focuses on thermodynamics of black holes, Hawking radiation, and the interpretation of entropy. The second part is devoted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-25 Claus Kiefer

We explain how quantum gravity, treated as an effective field theory, might modify the evaporative evolution of a four-dimensional, non-extremal, non-rotating, charged black hole. With some approximations, we derive a set of coupled…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-04 Ruben Campos Delgado

We address the issue of (quantum) black hole formation by particle collision in quantum physics. We start by constructing the horizon wave-function for quantum mechanical states representing two highly boosted non-interacting particles that…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-18 Roberto Casadio , Octavian Micu , Fabio Scardigli

Black holes with sufficiently large initial charge and mass will Hawking-evaporate towards the extremal limit. The emission slows as the temperature approaches zero, but still reaches the point where a single Hawking quantum would make the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-22 Samuel E. Gralla

Gravitons radiated from light, evaporating black holes contribute to the stochastic background of gravitational waves. The spectrum of such emission depends on both the mass and the spin of the black holes, as well as on the redshifting…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-10 Aurora Ireland , Stefano Profumo , Jordan Scharnhorst

One of the major problems in quantum gravity research is the lack of signals at the reach of present or near-future experimental facilities. In this paper, we show that this is not the case. Contrary to previous claims, the quantum decay of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-22 Bernard Carr , Piero Nicolini , Athanasios G. Tzikas

The aim of this work is to present the black hole information problem and discuss the assumptions and hypotheses necessary for its formulation. As the problem arises in the framework of semiclassical gravity, we first review the necessary…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-26 Thiago T. Bergamaschi

Using a derivation of black hole radiance in terms of two-point functions one can provide a quantitative estimate of the contribution of short distances to the spectrum. Thermality is preserved for black holes with $\kappa l_P <<1$.…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 Ivan Agullo , Jose Navarro-Salas , Gonzalo J. Olmo

The eventual production of mini black holes by proton-proton collisions at the LHC is predicted by theories with large extra dimensions resolvable at the Tev scale of energies. It is expected that these black holes evaporate shortly after…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-09-28 M. D. Maia , E. M. Monte

The quantum theory of black holes has opened up a window to study the intersection of general relativity and quantum field theory, but perceived paradoxes concerning the fate of classical information directed at a black hole horizon, as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-10 Christoph Adami

A general formulation of the basic conflict of the information problem is given, encapsulated in a "black hole theorem." This is framed in a more general context than the usual one of quantum field theory on a background, and is based on…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-02-27 Steven B. Giddings

Non-perturbative quantum gravity effects might allow a black-to-white hole transition. We revisit this increasingly popular hypothesis by taking into account the fundamentally random nature of the bouncing time. We show that if the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-04-10 Aurélien Barrau , Flora Moulin , Killian Martineau

The comparison of geometrical properties of black holes with classical thermodynamic variables reveals surprising parallels between the laws of black hole mechanics and the laws of thermodynamics. Since Hawking's discovery that black holes…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-03-18 Carina E. A. Prunkl , Christopher G. Timpson

Bringing gravity into a quantum-mechanical framework is likely the most profound remaining problem in fundamental physics. The "unitarity crisis" for black hole evolution appears to be a key facet of this problem, whose resolution will…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-22 Steven B. Giddings

Black holes are extremely relativistic objects. Physical processes around them occur in a regime where the gravitational field is extremely intense. Under such conditions, our representations of space, time, gravity, and thermodynamics are…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2014-09-12 Gustavo E. Romero

Since the original derivation of Hawking radiation, there have been lots of alternative approaches to show the same fact that black holes emit particles as hot bodies with a temperature. These alternative methods generally rely on different…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-03 Chon Man Sou

The observation of the final stages of the evaporation of a light black hole, which Hawking referred to as ``black hole explosion", would offer critical insights on quantum gravity and high-energy physics phenomena. Here, we explore,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-04-10 Xavier Boluna , Stefano Profumo , Juliette Blé , Dana Hennings

Different approaches to quantum gravity conclude that black holes may possess an inner horizon, in addition to the (quantum corrected) outer `Schwarzschild' horizon. In this paper we assume the existence of this inner horizon and explain…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-17 Ramon Torres

The negative specific heat of a radiating black hole is indicative of a cataclysmic endpoint to the evaporation process. In this letter, we suggest a simple mechanism for circumventing such a dramatic outcome. The basis for our argument is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 A. J. M. Medved

Black holes harbor a spacetime singularity of infinite curvature, where classical spacetime physics breaks down, and current theory cannot predict what will happen. However, the singularity is invisible from the outside because strong…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-06-10 Ted Jacobson , Thomas P. Sotiriou