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Eternal inflation is shown to require violations of the Null Energy Condition (NEC) on superhorizon scales. With light scalar fields as the matter sources in a de Sitter background, there can be no classical or semiclassical violations of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tanmay Vachaspati

We study the renormalized energy-momentum tensor (EMT) of the inflaton fluctuations in rigid space-times during the slow-rollover regime for chaotic inflation with a mass term. We use dimensional regularization with adiabatic subtraction…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 F. Finelli , G. Marozzi , G. P. Vacca , G. Venturi

Eternal inflation requires upward fluctuations of the energy in a Hubble volume, which appear to violate the energy conditions. In particular, a scalar field in an inflating spacetime should obey the averaged null energy condition, which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-14 Eleni-Alexandra Kontou , Ken D. Olum

The null energy condition (NEC) is a cornerstone of general relativity, and its violation could leave observable imprints in the cosmic gravitational wave spectrum. Theoretical models suggest that NEC violations during inflation can amplify…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-03-28 Zu-Cheng Chen , Lang Liu

The violation of the null energy condition (NEC) may play a crucial role in enabling a scalar field to climb over high potential barriers, potentially significant in the very early universe. We propose a single-field model where the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-10-01 Shi Pan , Yong Cai , Yun-Song Piao

Primordial null energy condition (NEC) violation would imprint a blue-tilted spectrum on gravitational wave background (GWB). However, its implications on the GWB might be far richer than expected. We present a scenario, in which after a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-04-28 Yong Cai , Yun-Song Piao

We study the renormalized energy-momentum tensor (EMT) of cosmological scalar fluctuations during the slow-rollover regime for chaotic inflation with a quadratic potential and find that it is characterized by a negative energy density which…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 F. Finelli , G. Marozzi , G. P. Vacca , G. Venturi

I consider the question of possible observability of the total number of e-folds accumulated during the epoch of inflation. The total number of observable e-folds has been previously constrained by the de Sitter entropy after inflation,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-03-09 Sergei Winitzki

We consider the evolution of traversable wormhole geometries in the inflationary, radiation -- and matter -- dominated eras, and dynamic wormholes with a traceless energy-momentum tensor (EMT), within the recently proposed {\it pole dark…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-01 Mahdi Kord Zangeneh , Francisco S. N. Lobo , Hooman Moradpour

Eternal inflation, the idea that there is always a part of the universe that is expanding exponentially, is a frequent feature of inflationary models. It has been argued that eternal inflation requires the violation of energy conditions,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-05-21 Eleni-Alexandra Kontou , Ken D. Olum

We show that in any model of non-eternal inflation satisfying the null energy condition, the area of the de Sitter horizon increases by at least one Planck unit in each inflationary e-folding. This observation gives an operational meaning…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-13 Nima Arkani-Hamed , Sergei Dubovsky , Alberto Nicolis , Enrico Trincherini , Giovanni Villadoro

We discuss the effect of quantum stress tensor fluctuations in deSitter spacetime upon the expansion of a congruence of timelike geodesics. We treat a model in which the expansion fluctuations begin on a given hypersurface in deSitter…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Chun-Hsien Wu , Kin-Wang Ng , L. H. Ford

It is shown that the de Sitter state is invariant with respect to Wick rotation. In imaginary time, super- horizon quantum and classical metric fluctuations of the empty FLRW space (with no matter fields) form a self-consistent de Sitter…

General Physics · Physics 2016-04-26 Leonid Marochnik

The inflationary paradigm has transformed our understanding of the early universe; yet most inflationary models are considered geodesically past-incomplete, suggesting a beginning of time or a primordial Big Bang singularity. The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-25 Damien A. Easson , Joseph E. Lesnefsky

A violation of the null energy condition (NEC) during inflation in a single-field inflation model will naturally enhance the amplitude of the parity violation effect (defined by $\Delta\chi$) of inflationary primordial gravitational waves…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-14 Yong Cai

Inflation and dark energy (DE), both featuring accelerated expansion, are crucial components of modern cosmology. As indicated by singularity theorems, null energy condition (NEC) violation is essential for resolving the initial singularity…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-08 Gen Ye , Yong Cai

We propose a model of cosmological evolution of the early and late Universe which is consistent with observational data and naturally explains the origin of inflation and dark energy. We show that the de Sitter accelerated expansion of the…

General Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 Leonid Marochnik , Daniel Usikov

We introduce a novel correlation, $n_s$ - $\Delta N$, connecting CMB parameters to the required total e-folds for eternal inflation. This correlation provides a robust tool for evaluating eternal (string) inflation models using CMB data and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-09-05 Omer Guleryuz

Eternal inflation is studied in the context of warm inflation. We focus on different tools to analyze the effects of dissipation and the presence of a thermal radiation bath on the fluctuation-dominated regime, for which the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-03-14 Gustavo S. Vicente , Leandro A. da Silva , Rudnei O. Ramos

We study nanohertz gravitational waves relevant to pulsar timing array experiments from quantum fluctuations in the early universe with null energy condition (NEC) violation. The NEC violation admits accelerated expansion with the scale…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-01-04 Hiroaki W. H. Tahara , Tsutomu Kobayashi
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