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Strong lensing by intervening galaxies can produce multiple images of gravitational waves from sources at cosmological distances. These images acquire additional phase-shifts as the over-focused wavefront passes through itself along the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-02-17 Liang Dai , Tejaswi Venumadhav

The deflection of light in the gravitational field of a massive body can be analyzed through diverse theoretical approaches. The null geodesic approach is commonly employed to calculate light deflection within strong and weak field limits.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-14 Saswati Roy , Shubham Kala , Atanu Singha , Hemwati Nandan , A. K. Sen

We study the time delay between successive relativistic images in gravitational lensing as a possible discriminator between various collapse end states and hence as a probe of cosmic censorship. Specifically we consider both black hole and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-01-10 Satyabrata Sahu , Mandar Patil , D. Narasimha , Pankaj S. Joshi

In general relativity (GR), gravitational waves (GWs) propagate the well-known plus and cross polarization modes which are the signature of a massless spin-2 field. However, diffraction of GWs caused by intervening objects along the line of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-01-12 Charles Dalang , Giulia Cusin , Macarena Lagos

We derive general relativistic Gaussian equations for osculating elements for orbits under the influence of a perturbing force without any restrictions in an underlying Schwarzschild space-time. Such a formulation provides a way to describe…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-15 Oleksii Yanchyshen , Eva Hackmann , Claus Lämmerzahl

We study weak gravitational lensing around a compact object with arbitrary quadrupole moment in the presence of plasma. The studied compact objects are considered to be spherically symmetric. The additional parameter $\epsilon$ regulating…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-07-16 Hrishikesh Chakrabarty , Askar B. Abdikamalov , Ahmadjon A. Abdujabbarov , Cosimo Bambi

We investigate the influence of plasma presence on relativistic images formed by Schwarzschild black hole lensing. When a gravitating body is surrounded by a plasma, the lensing angle depends on a frequency of the electromagnetic wave due…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-16 Oleg Yu. Tsupko , Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan

In recent years, gravitational lensing has been used as a means to detect substructure in galaxy-sized halos, via anomalous flux ratios in quadruply-imaged lenses. In addition to causing anomalous flux ratios, substructure may also perturb…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-02-11 Jacqueline Chen , Eduardo Rozo , Neal Dalal , James E. Taylor

We investigate the gravitational lensing effect around a spherically symmetric black hole, whose metric is obtained from the Einstein field equation with electric charge and perfect-fluid dark matter contributing to its energy-momentum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-13 Xiao-Jun Gao , Xiao-kun Yan , Yihao Yin , Ya-Peng Hu

The projection effect of an anisotropic accretion disk causes its electromagnetic radiation to depend on the emission angle. Although this dependency has the potential to influence the observational characteristics of black holes, it has…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-10 Dan Li , Shiyang Hu , Chen Deng , Xin Wu

Weak gravitational lensing is the slight distortion of galaxy shapes caused primarily by the gravitational effects of dark matter in the universe. In our work, we seek to invert the weak lensing signal from 2D telescope images to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-22 Brandon Zhao , Aviad Levis , Liam Connor , Pratul P. Srinivasan , Katherine L. Bouman

We investigate the gravitational lensing scenario due to Schwarzschild-like black hole surrounded by quintessence (Kiselev black hole). We work for the special case of Kiselev black hole where we take the state parameter…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-10-21 Azka Younas , Mubasher Jamil , Sebastian Bahamonde , Saqib Hussain

We determine the angle of deflection of light by the gravitational field inside and outside a spherical body with a homogeneous mass density. We show that the largest deflections, which can be measured by weak gravitational lensing, are in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-08-28 Nikodem Popławski

Even when used to describe the same phenomenon, equations, graphics and words each give different perspectives and lead to complementary insights. The basic elements of strong gravitational lensing are introduced here favoring words and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-30 Paul L. Schechter , Jeremy D. Schnittman

The cosmological constant Lambda affects gravitational lensing phenomena. The contribution of Lambda to the observable angular positions of multiple images and to their amplification and time delay is here computed through a study in the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 M. Sereno

Compact objects with a light sphere such as black holes and wormholes can reflect light rays like a mirror. This gravitational lensing phenomenon is called retrolensing and it is an interesting tool to survey dark and compact objects with a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-24 Naoki Tsukamoto , Yungui Gong

This article computes the bending angle of a hairy black hole at weak field limits. The Gauss-Bonnet theorem is applied to the Gaussian optical curvature; this gives a way to calculate the hairy black hole light bending angle using the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-02-25 Riasat Ali , Xia Tiecheng , Muhammad Awais , Rimsha Babar

We derive a particular approximate solution of Einstein equations, describing the gravitational field of a mass distribution that slightly deviates from spherical symmetry. The deviation is described by means of a quadrupole parameter that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-05-03 Saken Toktarbay , Hernando Quevedo , Medeu Abishev , Aray Muratkhan

As a photon propagates along a null geodesic, the space-time curvature around the geodesic distorts its wave function. We utilise the Fermi coordinates adapted to a general null geodesic, and derive the equation for interaction between the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-12 Qasem Exirifard , Ebrahim Karimi

The fundamental process of detecting and examining the polarization modes of gravitational waves plays a pivotal role in enhancing our grasp on the precise mechanisms behind their generation. A thorough investigation is essential for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-16 Shailesh Kumar , Rishabh Kumar Singh , Abhishek Chowdhuri , Arpan Bhattacharyya