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We present a machine learning framework for multi-agent systems to learn both the optimal policy for maximizing the rewards and the encoding of the high dimensional visual observation. The encoding is useful for sharing local visual…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-12-14 Hyung-Jin Yoon , Huaiyu Chen , Kehan Long , Heling Zhang , Aditya Gahlawat , Donghwan Lee , Naira Hovakimyan

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides an efficient way for simultaneously learning policies for multiple agents interacting with each other. However, in scenarios requiring complex interactions, existing algorithms can suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Xiaobai Ma , David Isele , Jayesh K. Gupta , Kikuo Fujimura , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning, a collection of agents learns to interact in a shared environment to achieve a common goal. We propose the use of reward machines (RM) -- Mealy machines used as structured representations…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Cyrus Neary , Zhe Xu , Bo Wu , Ufuk Topcu

Modern AI systems increasingly operate inside markets and institutions where data, behavior, and incentives are endogenous. This paper develops an economic foundation for multi-agent learning by studying a principal-agent interaction in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-08 Nassim Helou

Quantitative finance has had a long tradition of a bottom-up approach to complex systems inference via multi-agent systems (MAS). These statistical tools are based on modelling agents trading via a centralised order book, in order to…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-18 J. Lussange , I. Lazarevich , S. Bourgeois-Gironde , S. Palminteri , B. Gutkin

This paper seeks to establish a framework for directing a society of simple, specialized, self-interested agents to solve what traditionally are posed as monolithic single-agent sequential decision problems. What makes it challenging to use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Michael Chang , Sidhant Kaushik , S. Matthew Weinberg , Thomas L. Griffiths , Sergey Levine

Large Language Model (LLM)-powered Multi-agent systems (MAS) have achieved state-of-the-art results on various complex reasoning tasks. Recent works have proposed techniques to automate the design of MASes, eliminating the need for manual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Bohan Yao , Shiva Krishna Reddy Malay , Vikas Yadav

We study the problem of learning multi-task, multi-agent policies for cooperative, temporal objectives, under centralized training, decentralized execution. In this setting, using automata to represent tasks enables the decomposition of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Beyazit Yalcinkaya , Marcell Vazquez-Chanlatte , Ameesh Shah , Hanna Krasowski , Sanjit A. Seshia

Multi-agent systems (MAS) and reinforcement learning (RL) are widely used to enhance the agentic capabilities of large language models (LLMs). MAS improves task performance through role-based orchestration, while RL uses environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yujie Zhao , Lanxiang Hu , Yang Wang , Minmin Hou , Hao Zhang , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

In the last decade, there have been significant advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) but there are still numerous challenges, such as high sample complexity and slow convergence to stable policies, that need to be overcome…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Matthew E. Taylor , Kate Larson , Mark Crowley

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

Deep Reinforcement Learning has made significant progress in multi-agent systems in recent years. In this review article, we have focused on presenting recent approaches on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Afshin OroojlooyJadid , Davood Hajinezhad

In multi-agent reinforcement learning systems, the actions of one agent can have a negative impact on the rewards of other agents. One way to combat this problem is to let agents trade their rewards amongst each other. Motivated by this,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Michael Kölle , Lennart Rietdorf , Kyrill Schmid

Most solutions to the inventory management problem assume a centralization of information that is incompatible with organisational constraints in real supply chain networks. The inventory management problem is a well-known planning problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Marwan Mousa , Damien van de Berg , Niki Kotecha , Ehecatl Antonio del Rio-Chanona , Max Mowbray

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have emerged as a promising approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models in complex problem-solving; however, current MAS frameworks suffer from poor flexibility and scalability with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Heng Zhou , Hejia Geng , Xiangyuan Xue , Li Kang , Yiran Qin , Zhiyong Wang , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai

In this paper, we consider a network of agents that has to self-assign a set of tasks while respecting resource constraints. One possible formulation is the Generalized Assignment Problem, where the goal is to find a maximum payoff while…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-12 Andrea Testa , Giuseppe Notarstefano

Imitation learning algorithms can be used to learn a policy from expert demonstrations without access to a reward signal. However, most existing approaches are not applicable in multi-agent settings due to the existence of multiple (Nash)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Jiaming Song , Hongyu Ren , Dorsa Sadigh , Stefano Ermon

A large amount of work has been done in Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) for modeling and solving problems with multiple interacting agents. However, most LLMs are pretrained independently and not specifically optimized for coordination. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Shuo Liu , Tianle Chen , Zeyu Liang , Xueguang Lyu , Christopher Amato

The reinforcement learning community has made great strides in designing algorithms capable of exceeding human performance on specific tasks. These algorithms are mostly trained one task at the time, each new task requiring to train a brand…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Matteo Hessel , Hubert Soyer , Lasse Espeholt , Wojciech Czarnecki , Simon Schmitt , Hado van Hasselt

In recent years, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has presented impressive performance in various applications. However, physical limitations, budget restrictions, and many other factors usually impose \textit{constraints} on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Zhaoxing Yang , Rong Ding , Haiming Jin , Yifei Wei , Haoyi You , Guiyun Fan , Xiaoying Gan , Xinbing Wang