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We investigate models for learning the class of context-free and context-sensitive languages (CFLs and CSLs). We begin with a brief discussion of some early hardness results which show that unrestricted language learning is impossible, and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-07-09 Jacob Andreas

Probably Approximately Correct (i.e., PAC) learning is a core concept of sample complexity theory, and efficient PAC learnability is often seen as a natural counterpart to the class P in classical computational complexity. But while the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Cornelius Brand , Robert Ganian , Kirill Simonov

We study the task of bandit learning, also known as best-arm identification, under the assumption that the true reward function f belongs to a known, but arbitrary, function class F. We seek a general theory of bandit learnability, akin to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Nataly Brukhim , Aldo Pacchiano , Miroslav Dudik , Robert Schapire

Over recent years, devising classification algorithms that are robust to adversarial perturbations has emerged as a challenging problem. In particular, deep neural nets (DNNs) seem to be susceptible to small imperceptible changes over test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Sanjam Garg , Somesh Jha , Saeed Mahloujifar , Mohammad Mahmoody

In this paper, we provide new complexity results for algorithms that learn discrete-variable Bayesian networks from data. Our results apply whenever the learning algorithm uses a scoring criterion that favors the simplest model able to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-12 David Maxwell Chickering , Christopher Meek , David Heckerman

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have great expressive power, which can even memorize samples with wrong labels. It is vitally important to reiterate robustness and generalization in DNNs against label corruption. To this end, this paper studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Yueming Lyu , Ivor W. Tsang

We revisit the problem of characterising the complexity of Quantum PAC learning, as introduced by Bshouty and Jackson [SIAM J. Comput. 1998, 28, 1136-1153]. Several quantum advantages have been demonstrated in this setting, however, none…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-21 Wilfred Salmon , Sergii Strelchuk , Tom Gur

Disjunctive Answer Set Programming is a powerful declarative programming paradigm with complexity beyond NP. Identifying classes of programs for which the consistency problem is in NP is of interest from the theoretical standpoint and can…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-21 Johannes K. Fichte , Miroslaw Truszczynski , Stefan Woltran

A natural model of read-once linear branching programs is a branching program where queries are $\mathbb{F}_2$ linear forms, and along each path, the queries are linearly independent. We consider two restrictions of this model, which we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Svyatoslav Gryaznov , Pavel Pudlák , Navid Talebanfard

A major problem in computational learning theory is whether the class of formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF) is efficiently learnable. Although it is known that this class cannot be polynomially learned using either membership or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Montserrat Hermo , Ana Ozaki

Chain-of-Thought reasoning has emerged as a powerful approach for solving complex mathematical and logical problems. However, it can often veer off track through incorrect or unsubstantiated inferences. Formal mathematical reasoning, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Maria-Florina Balcan , Avrim Blum , Zhiyuan Li , Dravyansh Sharma

It is becoming increasingly important to understand the vulnerability of machine learning models to adversarial attacks. In this paper we study the feasibility of robust learning from the perspective of computational learning theory,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Pascale Gourdeau , Varun Kanade , Marta Kwiatkowska , James Worrell

We prove that it is NP-hard to properly PAC learn decision trees with queries, resolving a longstanding open problem in learning theory (Bshouty 1993; Guijarro-Lavin-Raghavan 1999; Mehta-Raghavan 2002; Feldman 2016). While there has been a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Caleb Koch , Carmen Strassle , Li-Yang Tan

It is known that there are classes of 2-CNFs requiring exponential size non-deterministic read-once branching programs to compute them. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no superpolynomial lower bounds for branching programs…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-05-17 Igor Razgon

Curriculum learning (CL), motivated by the intuition that learning in increasing order of difficulty should ease generalization, is commonly adopted both in pre-training and post-training of large language models (LLMs). The intuition of CL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Maximilian Mordig , Andreas Opedal , Weiyang Liu , Bernhard Schölkopf

Replicability is a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), as RL algorithms are empirically observed to be unstable and sensitive to variations in training conditions. To formally address this issue, we study \emph{list…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Bohan Zhang , Michael Chen , A. Pavan , N. V. Vinodchandran , Lin F. Yang , Ruosong Wang

Discrete structures are currently second-class in differentiable programming. Since functions over discrete structures lack overt derivatives, differentiable programs do not differentiate through them and limit where they can be used. For…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joey Velez-Ginorio , Nada Amin , Konrad Kording , Steve Zdancewic

We study the learning ability of linear recurrent neural networks with Gradient Descent. We prove the first theoretical guarantee on linear RNNs to learn any stable linear dynamic system using any a large type of loss functions. For an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Lifu Wang , Tianyu Wang , Shengwei Yi , Bo Shen , Bo Hu , Xing Cao

In this paper, we study PAC learnability and certification of predictions under instance-targeted poisoning attacks, where the adversary who knows the test instance may change a fraction of the training set with the goal of fooling the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Ji Gao , Amin Karbasi , Mohammad Mahmoody

Classes of target functions containing a large number of approximately orthogonal elements are known to be hard to learn by the Statistical Query algorithms. Recently this classical fact re-emerged in a theory of gradient-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Rustem Takhanov , Maxat Tezekbayev , Artur Pak , Arman Bolatov , Zhenisbek Assylbekov