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There is a large literature devoted to the problem of finding an optimal (min-cost) prefix-free code with an unequal letter-cost encoding alphabet of size. While there is no known polynomial time algorithm for solving it optimally there are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Mordecai Golin , Li Jian

This article presents a measure of semantic similarity in an IS-A taxonomy based on the notion of shared information content. Experimental evaluation against a benchmark set of human similarity judgments demonstrates that the measure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-05-30 P. Resnik

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly exhibit strong reasoning abilities, often attributed to their capacity to generate chain-of-thought-style intermediate reasoning. Recent work suggests that exposure to code can further enhance these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Lukas Twist , Shu Yang , Hanqi Yan , Jingzhi Gong , Di Wang , Helen Yannakoudakis , Jie M. Zhang

The paper explores how the human natural language structure can be seen as a product of evolution of inter-personal communication code, targeting maximisation of such culture-agnostic and cross-lingual metrics such as anti-entropy,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Anton Kolonin

We use large language models (LLMs) to uncover long-ranged structure in English texts from a variety of sources. The conditional entropy or code length in many cases continues to decrease with context length at least to $N\sim 10^4$…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-01 Colin Scheibner , Lindsay M. Smith , William Bialek

Bounds on linear codes play a central role in coding theory, as they capture the fundamental trade-off between error-correction capability (minimum distance) and information rate (dimension relative to length). Classical results…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Liren Lin , Guanghui Zhang , Bocong Chen , Hongwei Liu

Understanding the relationship between data compression and the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial, especially in specialized domains like code intelligence. Prior work posited a linear relationship between compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shijie Xuyang , Xianzhen Luo , Zheng Chu , Houyi Li , Siming Huang , Qiufeng Wang , Wanxiang Che , Qingfu Zhu , Shuigeng Zhou

Logically constrained term rewriting is a rewriting framework that supports built-in data structures such as integers and bit vectors. Recently, constrained terms play a key role in various analyses and applications of logically constrained…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Kanta Takahata , Jonas Schöpf , Naoki Nishida , Takahito Aoto

We address the problem of nonparametric estimation of characteristics for stationary and ergodic time series. We consider finite-alphabet time series and real-valued ones and the following four problems: i) estimation of the (limiting)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-11-01 Boris Ryabko

The traditional methods for data compression are typically based on the symbol-level statistics, with the information source modeled as a long sequence of i.i.d. random variables or a stochastic process, thus establishing the fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Mingxiao Li , Rui Jin , Liyao Xiang , Kaiming Shen , Shuguang Cui

Statistical language modeling techniques have successfully been applied to source code, yielding a variety of new software development tools, such as tools for code suggestion and improving readability. A major issue with these techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-15 Rafael-Michael Karampatsis , Charles Sutton

Patterns are words with terminals and variables. The language of a pattern is the set of words obtained by uniformly substituting all variables with words that contain only terminals. Length constraints restrict valid substitutions of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Dirk Nowotka , Max Wiedenhöft

Word embeddings are usually derived from corpora containing text from many individuals, thus leading to general purpose representations rather than individually personalized representations. While personalized embeddings can be useful to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-22 Charles Welch , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld , Verónica Pérez-Rosas , Rada Mihalcea

Across languages, numeral systems vary widely in how they construct and combine numbers. While humans consistently learn to navigate this diversity, large language models (LLMs) struggle with linguistic-mathematical puzzles involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Antara Raaghavi Bhattacharya , Isabel Papadimitriou , Kathryn Davidson , David Alvarez-Melis

Source code summarization involves creating brief descriptions of source code in natural language. These descriptions are a key component of software documentation such as JavaDocs. Automatic code summarization is a prized target of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Sakib Haque , Zachary Eberhart , Aakash Bansal , Collin McMillan

Research on scaling large language models (LLMs) has primarily focused on model parameters and training data size, overlooking the role of vocabulary size. We investigate how vocabulary size impacts LLM scaling laws by training models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chaofan Tao , Qian Liu , Longxu Dou , Niklas Muennighoff , Zhongwei Wan , Ping Luo , Min Lin , Ngai Wong

Lexical semantic typology has identified important cross-linguistic generalizations about the variation and commonalities in polysemy patterns---how languages package up meanings into words. Recent computational research has enabled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-04 Ella Rabinovich , Yang Xu , Suzanne Stevenson

Despite their outstanding performance, large language models (LLMs) suffer notorious flaws related to their preference for simple, surface-level textual relations over full semantic complexity of the problem. This proposal investigates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Michal Štefánik

Though there are some works on improving distributed word representations using lexicons, the improper overfitting of the words that have multiple meanings is a remaining issue deteriorating the learning when lexicons are used, which needs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-10 Yuanzhi Ke , Masafumi Hagiwara

A new inner bound on the capacity region of a general index coding problem is established. Unlike most existing bounds that are based on graph theoretic or algebraic tools, the bound is built on a random coding scheme and optimal decoding,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Fatemeh Arbabjolfaei , Bernd Bandemer , Young-Han Kim , Eren Sasoglu , Lele Wang