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Related papers: Planar Graphs: Logical Complexity and Parallel Iso…

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We study tropically planar graphs, which are the graphs that appear in smooth tropical plane curves. We develop necessary conditions for graphs to be tropically planar, and compute the number of tropically planar graphs up to genus $7$. We…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2020-02-06 Desmond Coles , Neelav Dutta , Sifan Jiang , Ralph Morrison , Andrew Scharf

The Colour Refinement algorithm is a classical procedure to detect symmetries in graphs, whose most prominent application is in graph-isomorphism tests. The algorithm and its generalisation, the Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm, evaluate local…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sandra Kiefer , T. Devini de Mel

A multigraph G is triangle decomposable if its edge set can be partitioned into subsets, each of which induces a triangle of G, and rationally triangle decomposable if its triangles can be assigned rational weights such that for each edge e…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-04-03 Christina , Mynhardt , Christopher van Bommel

We investigate (2,1):1 structures, which consist of a countable set $A$ together with a function $f: A \to A$ such that for every element $x$ in $A$, $f$ maps either exactly one element or exactly two elements of $A$ to $x$. These…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-01-06 Hakim J. Walker

The WL-dimension of a graph X is the smallest positive integer m such that the m-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm correctly tests the isomorphism between X and any other graph. It is proved that the WL-dimension of any circulant graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-01 Ilia Ponomarenko

We prove a complexity dichotomy theorem for counting planar graph homomorphisms of domain size 3. Given any 3 by 3 real valued symmetric matrix $H$ defining a graph homomorphism from all planar graphs $G \mapsto Z_H(G)$, we completely…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Jin-Yi Cai , Ashwin Maran

We propose a classification of polyhedra (planar, $3$-connected graphs) according to their type i.e., their set of quantities of common neighbours for each pair of distinct vertices. For every (finite) set of non-negative integers, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-05 Riccardo W. Maffucci

A planar graph can be embedded in a piecewise linear manifold, and the lattice on each linear piece can be colored with 3-coloring. If a planar graph can be colored with multiple 3-coloring, i.e. coloring the graph in pieces with different…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-10 Shaoqing Li

Multilevel modeling extends traditional modeling techniques with a potentially unlimited number of abstraction levels. Multilevel models can be formally represented by multilevel typed graphs whose manipulation and transformation are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Uwe Wolter , Fernando Macías , Adrian Rutle

Two isomorphic graphs can have inequivalent spatial embeddings in 3-space. In this way, an isomorphism class of graphs contains many spatial graph types. A common way to measure the complexity of a spatial graph type is to count the minimum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-12 Tirasan Khandhawit , Puttipong Pongtanapaisan , Athibadee Wasun

We define a canonical relative commutant planar algebra from a strongly Markov inclusion of finite von Neumann algebras. In the case of a connected unital inclusion of finite dimensional C*-algebras with the Markov trace, we show this…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2010-07-20 Vaughan F. R. Jones , David Penneys

Let $a,b$ be positive integers with $a\ge b$. A graph $G$ is $(a,b)$-choosable if, for every assignment of lists $L(v)$ of size $a$ to the vertices of $G$, there exists a choice of subsets $C(v)\subseteq L(v)$ with $|C(v)|=b$ for each $v$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Xiaolan Hu , Rongxing Xu

A graph drawn on the plane is called $1$-plane if each edge is crossed at most once by another edge. In this paper, we show that every $4$-connected $1$-plane graph has a connected spanning plane subgraph. We also show that there exist…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-09 Kenta Noguchi , Katsuhiro Ota , Yusuke Suzuki

We provide the first solution to the problem of counting rooted 3-connected bipartite planar maps. Our starting point is the enumeration of bicoloured planar maps according to the number of edges and monochromatic edges, following Bernardi…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-02 Marc Noy , Clément Requilé , Juanjo Rué

We determine the maximum number of edges that a planar graph can have as a function of its maximum degree and matching number.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-08 Lars Jaffke , Paloma T. Lima

We investigate prime character degree graphs of solvable groups that have six vertices. There are one hundred twelve non-isomorphic connected graphs with six vertices, of which all except nine are classified in this paper. We also…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2018-08-22 Mark W. Bissler , Jacob Laubacher , Mark L. Lewis

The $k$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman algorithm ($k$-WL) is a very useful combinatorial tool in graph isomorphism testing. We address the applicability of $k$-WL to recognition of graph properties. Let $G$ be an input graph with $n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-31 Frank Fuhlbrück , Johannes Köbler , Ilia Ponomarenko , Oleg Verbitsky

Laman graphs model planar frameworks that are rigid for a general choice of distances between the vertices. There are finitely many ways, up to isometries, to realize a Laman graph in the plane. Such realizations can be seen as solutions of…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2021-03-18 Jose Capco , Matteo Gallet , Georg Grasegger , Christoph Koutschan , Niels Lubbes , Josef Schicho

Clique-width is a well-studied graph parameter. For graphs of bounded clique-width, many problems that are NP-hard in general can be polynomial-time solvable. The fact motivates several studies to investigate whether the clique-width of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Yu Nakahata

We compute all isomorphism classes of simplicial arrangements in the real projective plane with up to 27 lines. It turns out that Gr\"unbaums catalogue is complete up to 27 lines except for four new arrangements with 22, 23, 24, 25 lines,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-08-16 Michael Cuntz