Related papers: Complexity Science for Simpletons
Wolfram's Principle of Computational Equivalence (PCE) implies that universal complexity abounds in nature. This paper comprises three sections. In the first section we consider the question why there are so many universal phenomena around.…
The material of the article is devoted to the most complicated and interesting problem -- a problem of P = NP?. This research was presented to mathematical community in Hyderabad during International Congress of Mathematicians. But there it…
We examine the computational complexity of testing and finding small plans in probabilistic planning domains with both flat and propositional representations. The complexity of plan evaluation and existence varies with the plan type sought;…
Given the emergent reasoning abilities of large language models, information retrieval is becoming more complex. Rather than just retrieve a document, modern information retrieval systems advertise that they can synthesize an answer based…
This article belongs to a series on geometric complexity theory (GCT), an approach to the P vs. NP and related problems through algebraic geometry and representation theory. The basic principle behind this approach is called the flip. In…
In part I we reduced the arithmetic (characteristic zero) version of the P \not \subseteq NP conjecture to the problem of showing that a variety associated with the complexity class NP cannot be embedded in the variety associated the…
This is an expository paper about the Borel complexity of structure and classification theorems. It sorts several classical problems relative to known benchmarks of complexity. As a corollary various problems proposed by people such as von…
In this paper we prove the probabilistic continuous complexity conjecture. In continuous complexity theory, this states that the complexity of solving a continuous problem with probability approaching 1 converges (in this limit) to the…
I study the class of problems efficiently solvable by a quantum computer, given the ability to "postselect" on the outcomes of measurements. I prove that this class coincides with a classical complexity class called PP, or Probabilistic…
We examine the computational complexity of testing and finding small plans in probabilistic planning domains with succinct representations. We find that many problems of interest are complete for a variety of complexity classes: NP, co-NP,…
We survey the average-case complexity of problems in NP. We discuss various notions of good-on-average algorithms, and present completeness results due to Impagliazzo and Levin. Such completeness results establish the fact that if a certain…
The P=?NP problem is philosophically solved by showing P is equal to NP in the random access with unit multiply (MRAM) model. It is shown that the MRAM model empirically best models computation hardness. The P=?NP problem is shown to be a…
We consider the average-case complexity of some otherwise undecidable or open Diophantine problems. More precisely, we show that the following two problems can be solved in the complexity class PSPACE: (I) Given polynomials f_1,...,f_m in…
By Kolmogorov Complexity,two number-theoretic problems are solved in different way than before,one problem is Maxim Kontsevich and Don Bernard Zagier's Problem 3 \emph{Exhibit at least one number which does not belong to} $ \mathcal{P}$…
We consider the average-case complexity of some otherwise undecidable or open Diophantine problems. More precisely, consider the following: (I) Given a polynomial f in Z[v,x,y], decide the sentence \exists v \forall x \exists y f(v,x,y)=0,…
The standard assumptions that underlie many conceptual and quantitative frameworks do not hold for many complex physical, biological, and social systems. Complex systems science clarifies when and why such assumptions fail and provides…
In this paper we prove Chaitin's ``heuristic principle'', {\it the theorems of a finitely-specified theory cannot be significantly more complex than the theory itself}, for an appropriate measure of complexity. We show that the measure is…
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle states that it is not possible to compute both the position and momentum of an electron with absolute certainty. However, this computational limitation, which is central to quantum mechanics, has no…
We summarize the main ideas of General Relativity and Lorentzian geometry, leading to a proof of the simplest of the celebrated Hawking-Penrose singularity theorems. The reader is assumed to be familiar with Riemannian geometry and point…
Chaitin's incompleteness theorem states that sufficiently rich formal systems cannot prove lower bounds on Kolmogorov complexity. In this paper we extend this theorem by showing theories that prove the Kolmogorov complexity of a large (but…