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Some of the strongest evidence that human minds should be thought about in terms of symbolic systems has been the way they combine ideas, produce novelty, and learn quickly. We argue that modern neural networks -- and the artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Thomas L. Griffiths , Brenden M. Lake , R. Thomas McCoy , Ellie Pavlick , Taylor W. Webb

The detection of semantic relationships between objects represented in an image is one of the fundamental challenges in image interpretation. Neural-Symbolic techniques, such as Logic Tensor Networks (LTNs), allow the combination of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Francesco Manigrasso , Filomeno Davide Miro , Lia Morra , Fabrizio Lamberti

This article explores the convergence of connectionist and symbolic artificial intelligence (AI), from historical debates to contemporary advancements. Traditionally considered distinct paradigms, connectionist AI focuses on neural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Haoyi Xiong , Zhiyuan Wang , Xuhong Li , Jiang Bian , Zeke Xie , Shahid Mumtaz , Anwer Al-Dulaimi , Laura E. Barnes

To understand cognitive reasoning in the brain, it has been proposed that symbols and compositions of symbols are represented by activity patterns (vectors) in a large population of neurons. Formal models implementing this idea [Plate…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-06 E. Paxon Frady , Denis Kleyko , Friedrich T. Sommer

As a core element of culture, images transform perception into structured representations and undergo evolution similar to natural languages. Given that visual input accounts for 60% of human sensory experience, it is natural to ask whether…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ping-Rui Tsai , Chi-hsiang Wang , Yu-Cheng Liao , Hong-Yue Huang , Tzay-Ming Hong

We propose neural-symbolic integration for abstract concept explanation and interactive learning. Neural-symbolic integration and explanation allow users and domain-experts to learn about the data-driven decision making process of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Benedikt Wagner , Artur d'Avila Garcez

The Abstraction and Reasoning Corpus (ARC) evaluates general reasoning capabilities that are difficult for both machine learning models and combinatorial search methods. We propose a neuro-symbolic approach that combines a transformer for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Paweł Batorski , Jannik Brinkmann , Paul Swoboda

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) have been widely deployed in various cognitive applications due to their simple and efficient operations. The widespread adoption of VSAs has, in turn, spurred the development of numerous hardware…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shuting Du , Mohamed Ibrahim , Zishen Wan , Luqi Zheng , Boheng Zhao , Zhenkun Fan , Che-Kai Liu , Tushar Krishna , Arijit Raychowdhury , Haitong Li

Techniques in which words are represented as vectors have proved useful in many applications in computational linguistics, however there is currently no general semantic formalism for representing meaning in terms of vectors. We present a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Daoud Clarke

Compositionality is a pivotal property of symbolic reasoning. However, how well recent neural models capture compositionality remains underexplored in the symbolic reasoning tasks. This study empirically addresses this question by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Keito Kudo , Yoichi Aoki , Tatsuki Kuribayashi , Ana Brassard , Masashi Yoshikawa , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Kentaro Inui

Deep learning architectures based on convolutional neural networks tend to rely on continuous, smooth features. While this characteristics provides significant robustness and proves useful in many real-world tasks, it is strikingly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zuzanna Buchnajzer , Kacper Dobek , Stanisław Hapke , Daniel Jankowski , Krzysztof Krawiec

Huge language models (LMs) have ushered in a new era for AI, serving as a gateway to natural-language-based knowledge tasks. Although an essential element of modern AI, LMs are also inherently limited in a number of ways. We discuss these…

Recent advances in visual-language machine learning models have demonstrated exceptional ability to use natural language and understand visual scenes by training on large, unstructured datasets. However, this training paradigm cannot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Anthony C Davis , Burhan Sadiq , Tianmin Shu , Chien-Ming Huang

Language provides the most revealing window into the ways humans structure conceptual knowledge within cognitive maps. Harnessing this information has been difficult, given the challenge of reliably mapping words to mental concepts.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-19 Matthew M Nour , Daniel C McNamee , Isaac Fradkin , Raymond J Dolan

How can neural networks perform so well on compositional tasks even though they lack explicit compositional representations? We use a novel analysis technique called ROLE to show that recurrent neural networks perform well on such tasks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Paul Soulos , Tom McCoy , Tal Linzen , Paul Smolensky

Despite significant progress in the development of neural-symbolic frameworks, the question of how to integrate a neural and a symbolic system in a \emph{compositional} manner remains open. Our work seeks to fill this gap by treating these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Efthymia Tsamoura , Loizos Michael

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generating non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Neural networks continue to struggle with compositional generalization, and this issue is exacerbated by a lack of massive pre-training. One successful approach for developing neural systems which exhibit human-like compositional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Paul Soulos , Henry Conklin , Mattia Opper , Paul Smolensky , Jianfeng Gao , Roland Fernandez

Over the past years, distributed semantic representations have proved to be effective and flexible keepers of prior knowledge to be integrated into downstream applications. This survey focuses on the representation of meaning. We start from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-29 Jose Camacho-Collados , Mohammad Taher Pilehvar

Neural network language models (NNLMs) have achieved ever-improving accuracy due to more sophisticated architectures and increasing amounts of training data. However, the inductive bias of these models (formed by the distributional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-12 David Demeter , Doug Downey