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This note introduces the concept of a partially specified prior distribution for certain post hoc inference problems, where a finite population is sampled once in order to make a decision on the presence or complete absence of some…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-07-17 K. Govindaraju , G. Jones

Belief revision of knowledge bases represented by a set of sentences in a given logic has been extensively studied but for specific logics, mainly propositional, and also recently Horn and description logics. Here, we propose to generalize…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Marc Aiguier , Jamal Atif , Isabelle Bloch , Céline Hudelot

Epistemic reasoning requires agents to infer the state of the world from partial observations and information about other agents' knowledge. Prior work evaluating LLMs on canonical epistemic puzzles interpreted their behavior through a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Adi Gabay , Gabriel Stanovsky , Liat Peterfreund

Expectation is a central notion in probability theory. The notion of expectation also makes sense for other notions of uncertainty. We introduce a propositional logic for reasoning about expectation, where the semantics depends on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Joseph Y. Halpern , Riccardo Pucella

Epistemic uncertainty in neural networks is commonly modeled using two second-order paradigms: distribution-based representations, which rely on posterior parameter distributions, and set-based representations based on credal sets (convex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Kaizheng Wang , Yunjia Wang , Fabio Cuzzolin , David Moens , Hans Hallez , Siu Lun Chau

Standard epistemic logic is concerned with describing agents' epistemic attitudes given the current set of alternatives the agents consider possible. While distributed systems can (and often are) discussed without mentioning epistemics, it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Giorgio Cignarale , Roman Kuznets

We look at preference change arising out of an interaction between two elements: the first is an initial preference ranking encoding a pre-existing attitude; the second element is new preference information signaling input from an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Adrian Haret , Johannes P. Wallner

In the present paper we propose a new approach on `distributed systems': the processes are represented through total orders and the communications are characterized by means of biorders. The resulting distributed systems capture situations…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-06-30 Asier Estevan Muguerza

This paper introduces epistemic graphs as a generalization of the epistemic approach to probabilistic argumentation. In these graphs, an argument can be believed or disbelieved up to a given degree, thus providing a more fine--grained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Anthony Hunter , Sylwia Polberg , Matthias Thimm

Qualitative and quantitative approaches to reasoning about uncertainty can lead to different logical systems for formalizing such reasoning, even when the language for expressing uncertainty is the same. In the case of reasoning about…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-07 Matthew Harrison-Trainor , Wesley H. Holliday , Thomas F. Icard

While supporting the execution of business processes, information systems record event logs. Conformance checking relies on these logs to analyze whether the recorded behavior of a process conforms to the behavior of a normative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Han van der Aa , Henrik Leopold , Matthias Weidlich

Epistemic uncertainty arises in lack of complete knowledge about the state of a system. There are multiple mathematical frameworks for measuring such uncertainty quantitatively, often referred to as imprecise probability theories. Inspired…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Torgeir Aambø

In this work we suggest the use of a set-theoretical interpretation of semantic tableaux for teaching propositional logic. If the student has previous notions of basic set theory, this approach to semantical tableaux can clarify her the way…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2015-07-15 Nino Guallart , Angel Nepomuceno-Fernandez

The scientific methodology based on two descriptive levels, ontic (reality as it is ) and epistemic (observational), is briefly presented. Following Schr\"odinger, we point to the possible gap between these two descriptions. Our main aim is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-07 Andrei Khrennikov

In this paper, a possibilistic disjunctive logic programming approach for modeling uncertain, incomplete and inconsistent information is defined. This approach introduces the use of possibilistic disjunctive clauses which are able to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Juan Carlos Nieves , Mauricio Osorio , Ulises Cortés

To solve multi-step manipulation tasks in the real world, an autonomous robot must take actions to observe its environment and react to unexpected observations. This may require opening a drawer to observe its contents or moving an object…

This paper deals with control of partially observable discrete-time stochastic systems. It introduces and studies Markov Decision Processes with Incomplete Information and with semi-uniform Feller transition probabilities. The important…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Eugene A. Feinberg , Pavlo O. Kasyanov , Michael Z. Zgurovsky

While the embedding of words has revolutionized the field of Natural Language Processing, the embedding of concepts has received much less attention so far. A dense and meaningful representation of concepts, however, could prove useful for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Arne Rubehn , Johann-Mattis List

Recursive reasoning systems alternate between acquiring new evidence and refining an accumulated understanding. Two design choices are typically left implicit: how to represent the evolving reasoning state, and when to stop iterating. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Debashis Guha , Amritendu Mukherjee , Sanjay Kukreja , Tarun Kumar

Despite its centrality in the philosophy of cognitive science, there has been little prior philosophical work engaging with the notion of representation in contemporary NLP practice. This paper attempts to fill that lacuna: drawing on ideas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Jacqueline Harding