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`Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions -- audio, video and/or physiological recordings -- or it may be textual. The added…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , Mark Liberman

Annotation tools are the starting point for creating Natural Language Processing (NLP) datasets. There is a wide variety of tools available; setting up these tools is however a hindrance. We propose EEVEE, an annotation tool focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Axel Sorensen , Siyao Peng , Barbara Plank , Rob van der Goot

Graph representations of programs are commonly a central element of machine learning for code research. We introduce an open source Python library python_graphs that applies static analysis to construct graph representations of Python…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 David Bieber , Kensen Shi , Petros Maniatis , Charles Sutton , Vincent Hellendoorn , Daniel Johnson , Daniel Tarlow

`Linguistic annotation' covers any descriptive or analytic notations applied to raw language data. The basic data may be in the form of time functions - audio, video and/or physiological recordings - or it may be textual. The added…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , Mark Liberman

Along the design process of interactive system many intermediate artefacts (such as user interface prototypes, task models describing user work and activities, dialog models specifying system behavior, interaction models describing user…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Marco Winckler , Philippe Palanque , Jean-Luc Hak , Eric Barboni , Olivier Nicolas , Laurent Goncalves

The article presents an overview of current specialized ontology engineering tools, as well as texts' annotation tools based on ontologies. The main functions and features of these tools, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-02-21 V. Yu. Velychko , K. S. Malakhov , V. V. Semenkov , A. E. Strizhak

Text annotation tools assume that their user's goal is to create a labeled corpus. However, users view annotation as a necessary evil on the way to deliver business value through NLP. Thus an annotation tool should optimize for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Tal Perry

Annotations are central to effective data communication, yet most visualization tools treat them as secondary constructs -- manually defined, difficult to reuse, and loosely coupled to the underlying visualization grammar. We propose a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Md Rahat-uz- Zaman , Andrew McNutt , Paul Rosen

We introduce type annotations as a flexible typing mechanism for graph systems and discuss their advantages with respect to classical typing based on graph morphisms. In this approach the type system is incorporated with the graph and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Paolo Bottoni , Andrew Fish , Francesco Parisi Presicce

Modern machine learning methods require significant amounts of labelled data, making the preparation process time-consuming and resource-intensive. In this paper, we propose to consider the process of prototyping a tool for annotating and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Nikita Ivanov , Mark Klimov , Dmitry Glukhikh , Tatiana Chernysheva , Igor Glukhikh

In recent work we have presented a formal framework for linguistic annotation based on labeled acyclic digraphs. These `annotation graphs' offer a simple yet powerful method for representing complex annotation structures incorporating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Steven Bird , Mark Liberman

We present a comprehensive survey on the use of annotations in information visualizations, highlighting their crucial role in improving audience understanding and engagement with visual data. Our investigation encompasses empirical studies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Bhavana Doppalapudi , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Paul Rosen

An annotation consists of a portion of information that is associated with a piece of content in order to explain something about the content or to add more information. The use of annotations as a tool in the educational field has positive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Joaquín Gayoso-Cabada , Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo , José-Luis Sierra

Applications which use human speech as an input require a speech interface with high recognition accuracy. The words or phrases in the recognised text are annotated with a machine-understandable meaning and linked to knowledge graphs for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2017-05-26 Ashwini Jaya Kumar , Sören Auer , Christoph Schmidt , Joachim köhler

This is the annotation manual for Universal Conceptual Cognitive Annotation (UCCA; Abend and Rappoport, 2013), specifically the Foundational Layer. UCCA is a graph-based semantic annotation scheme based on typological linguistic principles.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Omri Abend , Nathan Schneider , Dotan Dvir , Jakob Prange , Ari Rappoport

Taint analysis using explicit whole-program data-dependence graphs is powerful for vulnerability discovery but faces two major challenges. First, accurately modeling taint propagation through calls to external library procedures requires…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Sedick David Baker Effendi , Xavier Pinho , Andrei Michael Dreyer , Fabian Yamaguchi

We describe a tool to create, edit, visualise and compute with interaction nets - a form of graph rewriting systems. The editor, called GraphPaper, allows users to create and edit graphs and their transformation rules using an intuitive…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-03-24 Maribel Fernández , Olivier Namet

Annotations play a vital role in highlighting critical aspects of visualizations, aiding in data externalization and exploration, collaborative sensemaking, and visual storytelling. However, despite their widespread use, we identified a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Dilshadur Rahman , Ghulam Jilani Quadri , Bhavana Doppalapudi , Danielle Albers Szafir , Paul Rosen

In this work, we present a web-based annotation and querying tool Sangrahaka. It annotates entities and relationships from text corpora and constructs a knowledge graph (KG). The KG is queried using templatized natural language queries. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Hrishikesh Terdalkar , Arnab Bhattacharya

While low resource speech recognition has attracted a lot of attention from the speech community, there are a few tools available to facilitate low resource speech collection. In this work, we present SANTLR: Speech Annotation Toolkit for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Xinjian Li , Zhong Zhou , Siddharth Dalmia , Alan W. Black , Florian Metze