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Procedures are an important knowledge component of documents that can be leveraged by cognitive assistants for automation, question-answering or driving a conversation. It is a challenging problem to parse big dense documents like product…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Shivali Agarwal , Shubham Atreja , Vikas Agarwal

As software systems grow increasingly complex, explainability has become a crucial non-functional requirement for transparency, user trust, and regulatory compliance. Eliciting explainability requirements is challenging, as different…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Martin Obaidi , Jakob Droste , Hannah Deters , Marc Herrmann , Raymond Ochsner , Jil Klünder , Kurt Schneider

Techniques for automatically extracting important content elements from business documents such as contracts, statements, and filings have the potential to make business operations more efficient. This problem can be formulated as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Ruixue Zhang , Wei Yang , Luyun Lin , Zhengkai Tu , Yuqing Xie , Zihang Fu , Yuhao Xie , Luchen Tan , Kun Xiong , Jimmy Lin

With rise of digital age, there is an explosion of information in the form of news, articles, social media, and so on. Much of this data lies in unstructured form and manually managing and effectively making use of it is tedious, boring and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-09 Sonit Singh

Extracting structured data from the web is often a trade-off between the brittle nature of manual heuristics and the prohibitive cost of Large Language Models. We introduce AXE (Adaptive X-Path Extractor), a pipeline that rethinks this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Abdelrahman Mansour , Khaled W. Alshaer , Moataz Elsaban

Automated text scoring (ATS) tasks, such as automated essay scoring and readability assessment, are important educational applications of natural language processing. Due to their interpretability of models and predictions, traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Hitoshi Manabe , Masato Hagiwara

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have achieved remarkable performance on a range of tasks. A key step to further empowering RNN-based approaches is improving their explainability and interpretability. In this work we present MEME: a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Dmitry Kazhdan , Botty Dimanov , Mateja Jamnik , Pietro Liò

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves pre-trained models by incorporating external knowledge at test time to enable customized adaptation. We study the risk of datastore leakage in Retrieval-In-Context RAG Language Models (LMs). We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhenting Qi , Hanlin Zhang , Eric Xing , Sham Kakade , Himabindu Lakkaraju

We formalize a new modular variant of current question answering tasks by enforcing complete independence of the document encoder from the question encoder. This formulation addresses a key challenge in machine comprehension by requiring a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Minjoon Seo , Tom Kwiatkowski , Ankur P. Parikh , Ali Farhadi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Question answering represents a core capability of large language models (LLMs). However, when individuals encounter unfamiliar knowledge in texts, they often formulate questions that the text itself cannot answer due to insufficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhecheng Li , Yiwei Wang , Bryan Hooi , Yujun Cai , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Acronyms are abbreviated units of a phrase constructed by using initial components of the phrase in a text. Automatic extraction of acronyms from a text can help various Natural Language Processing tasks like machine translation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Prashant Sharma , Hadeel Saadany , Leonardo Zilio , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan

This paper presents a novel method to generate answers for non-extraction machine reading comprehension (MRC) tasks whose answers cannot be simply extracted as one span from the given passages. Using a pointer network-style extractive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Zhuosheng Zhang , Yiqing Zhang , Hai Zhao , Xi Zhou , Xiang Zhou

Keyphrase extraction is the task of automatically selecting a small set of phrases that best describe a given free text document. Supervised keyphrase extraction requires large amounts of labeled training data and generalizes very poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Kamil Bennani-Smires , Claudiu Musat , Andreea Hossmann , Michael Baeriswyl , Martin Jaggi

Existing open-domain question answering (QA) models are not suitable for real-time usage because they need to process several long documents on-demand for every input query. In this paper, we introduce the query-agnostic indexable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Minjoon Seo , Jinhyuk Lee , Tom Kwiatkowski , Ankur P. Parikh , Ali Farhadi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

Speculative Decoding is a prominent technique for accelerating the autoregressive inference of large language models (LLMs) by employing a fast draft model to propose candidate token sequences and a large target model to verify them in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Chendong Sun , Ali Mao , Lei Xu , mingmin Chen

We present an open-domain Question-Answering system that learns to answer questions based on successful past interactions. We follow a pattern-based approach to Answer-Extraction, where (lexico-syntactic) patterns that relate a question to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-09-05 Ana Cristina Mendes , Luísa Coheur , Sérgio Curto

Existing long-document question answering systems typically process texts as flat sequences or use heuristic chunking, which overlook the discourse structures that naturally guide human comprehension. We present a discourse-aware…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Huiyao Chen , Yi Yang , Yinghui Li , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

The conventional use of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture has proven effective for retrieving information from diverse documents. However, challenges arise in handling complex table queries, especially within PDF…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Uday Allu , Biddwan Ahmed , Vishesh Tripathi

Traditional query expansion techniques for addressing vocabulary mismatch problems in information retrieval are context-sensitive and may lead to performance degradation. As an alternative, document expansion research has gained attention,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Jisu Kim , Jinhee Park , Changhyun Jeon , Jungwoo Choi , Keonwoo Kim , Minji Hong , Sehyun Kim

This paper presents an analysis of open-source large language models (LLMs) and their application in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) tasks, specific for enterprise-specific data sets scraped from their websites. With the increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Gautam B , Anupam Purwar