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Energy increasingly constrains modern computer hardware, yet protecting computations and data against errors costs energy. This holds at all scales, but especially for the largest parallel computers being built and planned today. As…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2012-06-08 Patrick G. Bridges , Kurt B. Ferreira , Michael A. Heroux , Mark Hoemmen

Resistive random-access memory (RRAM) is gaining popularity due to its ability to offer computing within the memory and its non-volatile nature. The unique properties of RRAM, such as binary switching, multi-state switching, and device…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Simranjeet Singh , Farhad Merchant , Sachin Patkar

Distributed algorithms that operate in the fail-recovery model rely on the state stored in stable memory to guarantee the irreversibility of operations even in the presence of failures. The performance of these algorithms lean heavily on…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2020-02-19 William B. Mingardi , Gustavo M. D. Vieira

A content-addressable-memory compares an input search word against all rows of stored words in an array in a highly parallel manner. While supplying a very powerful functionality for many applications in pattern matching and search, it…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Can Li , Catherine E. Graves , Xia Sheng , Darrin Miller , Martin Foltin , Giacomo Pedretti , John Paul Strachan

We study various models of associative memories with sparse information, i.e. a pattern to be stored is a random string of $0$s and $1$s with about $\log N$ $1$s, only. We compare different synaptic weights, architectures and retrieval…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-27 Vincent Gripon , Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet

We study a model of associative memory based on a neural network with small-world structure. The efficacy of the network to retrieve one of the stored patterns exhibits a phase transition at a finite value of the disorder. The more ordered…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2009-11-10 Luis G. Morelli , Guillermo Abramson , Marcelo N. Kuperman

Associative memories store content in such a way that the content can be later retrieved by presenting the memory with a small portion of the content, rather than presenting the memory with an address as in more traditional memories.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-07-23 Zhe Yao , Vincent Gripon , Michael G. Rabbat

Neuromorphic computing aims to reproduce the energy efficiency and adaptability of biological intelligence in hardware. Superconducting devices are an attractive platform due to their ultra-low dissipation and fast switching dynamics. Here…

Superconductivity · Physics 2026-02-17 Khalil Harrabi , Leonardo Cadorim , Milorad Milosevic

Manuscript symbols can be stored, recognized and retrieved from an entropic digital memory that is associative and distributed but yet declarative; memory retrieval is a constructive operation, memory cues to objects not contained in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Rafael Morales , Noé Hernández , Ricardo Cruz , Victor D. Cruz , Luis A. Pineda

Recent advances in associative memory design through structured pattern sets and graph-based inference algorithms have allowed reliable learning and recall of an exponential number of patterns. Although these designs correct external errors…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-03-14 Amin Karbasi , Amir Hesam Salavati , Amin Shokrollahi , Lav R. Varshney

High capacity and scalable memory systems play a vital role in enabling our desktops, smartphones, and pervasive technologies like Internet of Things (IoT). Unfortunately, memory systems are becoming increasingly prone to faults. This is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Prashant J. Nair

Dense Associative Memories or Modern Hopfield Networks have many appealing properties of associative memory. They can do pattern completion, store a large number of memories, and can be described using a recurrent neural network with a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Dmitry Krotov

In this work, we present a novel inner product design for stochastic computing. Stochastic computing is an emerging computing technique, that encodes a number in the probability of observing a one in a random bit stream. This leads to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-11-21 Werner Haselmayr , Daniel Wiesinger , Michael Lunglmayr

Content addressable memory (CAM) is widely used in associative search tasks for its highly parallel pattern matching capability. To accommodate the increasingly complex and data-intensive pattern matching tasks, it is critical to keep…

In this paper, we share our reflections and insights on understanding Transformer architectures through the lens of associative memory--a classic psychological concept inspired by human cognition. We start with the basics of associative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Shu Zhong , Mingyu Xu , Tenglong Ao , Guang Shi

In this paper, we present a neural network system related to about memory and recall that consists of one neuron group (the "cue ball") and a one-layer neural net (the "recall net"). This system realizes the bidirectional memorization…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Hiroshi Inazawa

Sequence models lie at the heart of modern deep learning. However, rapid advancements have produced a diversity of seemingly unrelated architectures, such as Transformers and recurrent alternatives. In this paper, we introduce a unifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Ke Alexander Wang , Jiaxin Shi , Emily B. Fox

Dense Associative Memories are high storage capacity variants of the Hopfield networks that are capable of storing a large number of memory patterns in the weights of the network of a given size. Their common formulations typically require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Benjamin Hoover , Duen Horng Chau , Hendrik Strobelt , Parikshit Ram , Dmitry Krotov

Trustworthy artificial intelligence increasingly relies on probabilistic computation to achieve robustness, interpretability, security and privacy. In practical systems, such workloads interleave deterministic data access with repeated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Xueji Zhao , Likai Pei , Jianbo Liu , Kai Ni , Ningyuan Cao

We introduce a novel approach to endowing neural networks with emergent, long-term, large-scale memory. Distinct from strategies that connect neural networks to external memory banks via intricately crafted controllers and hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Tri Huynh , Michael Maire , Matthew R. Walter