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A finite cycle time information engine based on a two-level system in contact with a thermal reservoir is studied analytically. The model for the engine incorporates an error in measuring the system's state and time delay between the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-05-13 Kiran V , Toby Joseph

Information engines, sometimes referred to as Maxwell Demon engines, utilize information obtained through measurement to control the conversion of energy into useful work. Discussions around such devices often assume the measurement step to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Henning Kirchberg , Abraham Nitzan

We present an axiomatic framework for thermodynamics that incorporates information as a fundamental concept. The axioms describe both ordinary thermodynamic processes and those in which information is acquired, used and erased, as in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Austin Hulse , Benjamin Schumacher , Michael D. Westmoreland

Information thermodynamics provides a framework for studying the effect of feedback loops on entropy production. It has enabled the understanding of novel thermodynamic systems such as the information engine which can be seen as a modern…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-12-02 Michael Maitland , Stefan Grosskinsky , Rosemary J. Harris

Resolution of the century-long paradox on Maxwell's demon reveals a deep connection between information theory and thermodynamics. Although initially introduced as a thought experiment, Maxwell's demon can now be implemented in several…

The emerging field of quantum thermodynamics is beginning to reveal the intriguing role that information can play in quantum thermal engines. Information enters as a resource when considering feedback-controlled thermal machines. While both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Lindsay Bassman Oftelie , Michele Campisi

Various biological and synthetic media out of equilibrium can be viewed as many-ratchet systems that rectify environmental noise through local measurements and information processing, like in Maxwell's prototypical demon. These systems pose…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2026-04-16 Bryan VanSaders , Michel Fruchart , Vincenzo Vitelli

The limit of energy saving in the control of small systems has recently attracted much interest due to the concept refinement of the Maxwell demon. Inspired by a newly proposed set of fluctuation theorems, we report the first experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-02 L. -L. Yan , J. -T. Bu , Q. Zeng , K. Zhang , K. -F. Cui , F. Zhou , S. -L. Su , L. Chen , J. Wang , Gang Chen , M. Feng

Information engines model ``Maxwell's demon" mechanistically. However, the demon's strategy is pre-described by an external experimenter, and information engines are conveniently designed such that observables contain complete information…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-15 Dorian Daimer , Susanne Still

It is demonstrated that Maxwell's demon can be used to allow a machine to extract energy from a heat bath by use of information that is processed by the demon at a remote location. The model proposed here effectively replaces transmission…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-06-06 S. Hossenfelder

Gathering information about a system enables greater control over it. This principle lies at the core of information engines, which use measurement-based feedback to rectify thermal noise and convert information into work. Originating from…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-01-24 Rémi Goerlich , Laura Hoek , Omer Chor , Saar Rahav , Yael Roichman

We describe a minimal model of a quantum Maxwell demon obeying Hamiltonian dynamics. The model is solved exactly, and we analyze its steady-state behavior. We find that writing information to a quantum memory induces a probability current…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-12-18 Sebastian Deffner

We propose an electronic bipartite system consisting of a working substance, in which a refrigeration process is implemented, and of a nonthermal resource region, containing a combination of different thermal baths. In the working…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-01-29 Juliette Monsel , Matteo Acciai , Rafael Sánchez , Janine Splettstoesser

Maxwellian ratchets are autonomous, finite-state thermodynamic engines that implement input-output informational transformations. Previous studies of these "demons" focused on how they exploit environmental resources to generate work: They…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-09-02 Alexandra M. Jurgens , James P. Crutchfield

The framework of bipartite stochastic thermodynamics is a powerful tool to analyze a composite system's internal thermodynamics. It has been used to study the components of different molecular machines such as ATP synthase. However, this…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-15 Julian D. Jiménez-Paz , Matthew P. Leighton , David A. Sivak

Information engines can use structured environments as a resource to generate work by randomizing ordered inputs and leveraging the increased Shannon entropy to transfer energy from a thermal reservoir to a work reservoir. We give a broadly…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-02-01 Alexander B. Boyd , Dibyendu Mandal , James P. Crutchfield

Using a mechanical cantilever submitted to electrostatic feedback control, we investigate the thermodynamic properties of an information engine that extracts work from thermal fluctuations. The cantilever position is rapidly sampled and the…

We use continuous weak measurements of a driven superconducting qubit to experimentally study the information dynamics of a quantum Maxwell's demon. We show how information gained by a demon who can track single quantum trajectories of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 M. Naghiloo , J. J. Alonso , A. Romito , E. Lutz , K. W. Murch

Signal transduction in living cells is vital to maintain life itself, where information transfer in noisy environment plays a significant role. In a rather different context, the recent intensive researches of "Maxwell's demon" - a feedback…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-30 Sosuke Ito , Takahiro Sagawa

We report two results complementing the second law of thermodynamics for Markovian open quantum systems coupled to multiple reservoirs with different temperatures and chemical potentials. First, we derive a nonequilibrium free energy…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-04-18 Krzysztof Ptaszynski , Massimiliano Esposito