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The Hopfield model describes a neural network that stores memories using all-to-all-coupled spins. Memory patterns are recalled under equilibrium dynamics. Storing too many patterns breaks the associative recall process because frustration…

The Hopfield model is a pioneering neural network model with associative memory retrieval. The analytical solution of the model in mean field limit revealed that memories can be retrieved without any error up to a finite storage capacity of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-10-31 Do-Hyun Kim , Jinha Park , B. Kahng

We analyze a variant of the Hopfield model that incorporates an unlearning mechanism based on spin correlations in the high-temperature regime. In the large system limit where extensively many patterns are stored, we employ the replica…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-10 Shuta Takeuchi , Takashi Takahashi , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

In this work we study numerically the out of equilibrium dynamics of the Hopfield model for associative memory inside its spin-glass phase. Besides its interest as a neural network model it can also be considered as a prototype of fully…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 M. A. Montemurro , F. A. Tamarit , D. A. Stariolo , S. A. Cannas

We test four fast mean field type algorithms on Hopfield networks as an inverse Ising problem. The equilibrium behavior of Hopfield networks is simulated through Glauber dynamics. In the low temperature regime, the simulated annealing…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-05-29 Haiping Huang

In this paper we study, via equilibrium statistical mechanics, the properties of the internal energy of an Hopfield neural network whose patterns are stored continuously (Gaussian distributed). The model is shown to be equivalent to a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-17 Adriano Barra , Francesco Guerra

Associative memory models are content-addressable memory systems fundamental to biological intelligence and are notable for their high interpretability. However, existing models evaluate the quality of retrieval based on proximity, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shurong Wang , Yuqi Pan , Zhuoyang Shen , Meng Zhang , Hongwei Wang , Guoqi Li

Exactly solvable neural network models with asymmetric weights are rare, and exact solutions are available only in some mean-field approaches. In this article we find exact analytical solutions of an asymmetric spin-glass-like model of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-02-16 Diego Fasoli , Anna Cattani , Stefano Panzeri

Dense Associative Memories or modern Hopfield networks permit storage and reliable retrieval of an exponentially large (in the dimension of feature space) number of memories. At the same time, their naive implementation is non-biological,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-29 Dmitry Krotov , John Hopfield

In this paper we continue our investigation on the high storage regime of a neural network with Gaussian patterns. Through an exact mapping between its partition function and one of a bipartite spin glass (whose parties consist of Ising and…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-06-05 Adriano Barra , Giuseppe Genovese , Francesco Guerra , Daniele Tantari

Restricted Boltzmann Machines are key tools in Machine Learning and are described by the energy function of bipartite spin-glasses. From a statistical mechanical perspective, they share the same Gibbs measure of Hopfield networks for…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-08-02 Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra , Chiara Longo , Daniele Tantari

The state space of a conventional Hopfield network typically exhibits many different attractors of which only a small subset satisfy constraints between neurons in a globally optimal fashion. It has recently been demonstrated that combining…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2014-09-02 Alexander Woodward , Tom Froese , Takashi Ikegami

We solve the dynamics of Hopfield-type neural networks which store sequences of patterns, close to saturation. The asymmetry of the interaction matrix in such models leads to violation of detailed balance, ruling out an equilibrium…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2015-06-25 A. During , A. C. C. Coolen , D. Sherrington

We study a class of Hopfield models where the memories are represented by a mixture of Gaussian and binary variables and the neurons are Ising spins. We study the properties of this family of models as the relative weight of the two kinds…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-09-29 Luca Leuzzi , Alberto Patti , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

The Hopfield network has been applied to solve optimization problems over decades. However, it still has many limitations in accomplishing this task. Most of them are inherited from the optimization algorithms it implements. The computation…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Xiaofei Huang

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

Understanding the theoretical foundations of how memories are encoded and retrieved in neural populations is a central challenge in neuroscience. A popular theoretical scenario for modeling memory function is the attractor neural network…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-17 Alireza Alemi , Carlo Baldassi , Nicolas Brunel , Riccardo Zecchina

We introduce a spherical Hopfield-type neural network involving neurons and patterns that are continuous variables. We study both the thermodynamics and dynamics of this model. In order to have a retrieval phase a quartic term is added to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 D. Bolle , Th. M. Nieuwenhuizen , I. Perez Castillo , T. Verbeiren

The thermodynamic and retrieval properties of the Ashkin-Teller neural network model storing an infinite number of patterns are examined in the replica-symmetric mean-field approximation. In particular, for linked patterns…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 D. Bolle , P. Kozlowski

The gap between the huge volumes of data needed to train artificial neural networks and the relatively small amount of data needed by their biological counterparts is a central puzzle in machine learning. Here, inspired by biological…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-04-19 Miriam Aquaro , Francesco Alemanno , Ido Kanter , Fabrizio Durante , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra
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