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Preconception-free analyses of the inclusive invariant transverse-momentum distribution data taken from the measurements of Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=130$ GeV and $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV have been performed. It is observed that the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Meng Ta-chung , Liu Qin

Power law scaling is observed in many physical, biological and socio-economical complex systems and is now considered as an important property of these systems. In general, power law exists in the central part of the distribution. It has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-13 Hari M. Gupta , Jose R. Campanha , Sidney J. Schinaider

Economy is demanding new models, able to understand and predict the evolution of markets. To this respect, Econophysics offers models of markets as complex systems, that try to comprehend macro-, system-wide states of the economy from the…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2015-05-20 Carmen Pellicer-Lostao , Ricardo Lopez-Ruiz

Zipf's law states that the frequency of an observation with a given value is inversely proportional to the square of that value; Taylor's law, instead, describes the scaling between fluctuations in the size of a population and its mean.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-09-26 Charlotte James , Sandro Azaele , Amos Maritan , Filippo Simini

We propose a scale-free network model with a tunable power-law exponent. The Poisson growth model, as we call it, is an offshoot of the celebrated model of Barab\'{a}si and Albert where a network is generated iteratively from a small seed…

Applications · Statistics 2013-12-24 Paul Sheridan , Yuichi Yagahara , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

We formulate a general model for the growth of scale-free networks under filtering information conditions--that is, when the nodes can process information about only a subset of the existing nodes in the network. We find that the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 Stefano Mossa , Marc Barthelemy , H. Eugene Stanley , Luis A. Nunes Amaral

We study a stochastic multiplicative process with reset events. It is shown that the model develops a stationary power-law probability distribution for the relevant variable, whose exponent depends on the model parameters. Two qualitatively…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-10-31 Susanna C. Manrubia , Damian H. Zanette

Beta Rank Function (BRF) is a two-sided distribution characterized by a smooth peak and double powerlaw decay, widely used to model empirical data exhibiting deviations from pure power laws. In this paper, we introduce a novel two-step…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-28 Oscar Fontanelli , Wentian Li

A new mechanism leading to scale-free networks is proposed in this letter. It is shown that in many cases of interest, the connectivity power-law behavior is neither related to dynamical properties nor to preferential attachment. Instead,…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Caldarelli , A. Capocci , P. De Los Rios , M. A. Munoz

We propose a preferential attachment model for network growth where new entering nodes have a partial information about the state of the network. Our main result is that the presence of bounded information modifies the degree distribution…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-06-22 Timoteo Carletti , Floriana Gargiulo , Renaud Lambiotte

The word-frequency distribution provides the fundamental building blocks that generate discourse in language. It is well known, from empirical evidence, that the word-frequency distribution of almost any text is described by Zipf's law, at…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-11-09 Alvaro Corral , Montserrat Garcia del Muro

We evaluate analytically and numerically the size of the frozen core and various scaling laws for critical Boolean networks that have a power-law in- and/or out-degree distribution. To this purpose, we generalize an efficient method that…

Molecular Networks · Quantitative Biology 2015-06-12 Marco Möller , Barbara Drossel

Continuous-time branching processes describe the evolution of a population whose individuals generate a random number of children according to a birth process. Such branching processes can be used to understand preferential attachment…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-11-10 Alessandro Garavaglia , Remco van der Hofstad , Gerhard Woeginger

An important body of quantitative linguistics is constituted by a series of statistical laws about language usage. Despite the importance of these linguistic laws, some of them are poorly formulated, and, more importantly, there is no…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-11-09 Alvaro Corral , Isabel Serra

A generalized so called magnetically controlled ballistic rain-like deposition (MBD) model of granular piles has been numerically investigated in 2D. The grains are taken to be elongated disks whence characterized by a two-state scalar…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-08-31 K. Trojan , M. Ausloos , R. Cloots

We introduce and solve a model which considers two coupled networks growing simultaneously. The dynamics of the networks is governed by the new arrival of network elements (nodes) making preferential attachments to pre-existing nodes in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dafang Zheng , Guler Ergun

The present paper describes a stochastic model of fracture, whose fragment size distribution can be calculated analytically as a power-law-like distribution. The model is basically cascade fracture, but incorporates the effect that each…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2013-04-10 Ken Yamamoto , Yoshihiro Yamazaki

We introduce a network evolution process motivated by the network of citations in the scientific literature. In each iteration of the process a node is born and directed links are created from the new node to a set of target nodes already…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-07-30 ER Colman , GJ Rodgers

Power law distributions have been repeatedly observed in a wide variety of socioeconomic, biological and technological areas. In many of the observations, e.g., city populations and sizes of living organisms, the objects of interest evolve…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-09-29 Predrag R. Jelenkovic , Jian Tan

Tokenization is a fundamental step in natural language processing (NLP) and other sequence modeling domains, where the choice of vocabulary size significantly impacts model performance. Despite its importance, selecting an optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Yanjin He , Qingkai Zeng , Meng Jiang