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This work presents a tensor-network formulation of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and several of its variants. The approach represents candidate tours with tensor-network layers, weights them by Boltzmann factors, and enforces…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-18 Alejandro Mata Ali , Iñigo Perez Delgado , Aitor Moreno Fdez. de Leceta

In the bipartite travelling salesman problem (BTSP), we are given $n=2k$ cities along with an $n\times n$ distance matrix and a partition of the cities into $k$ red and $k$ blue cities. The task is to find a shortest tour which alternately…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-13 Vladimir G. Deineko , Bettina Klinz , Gerhard J. Woeginger

NP-Complete problems have an important attribute that if one NP-Complete problem can be solved in polynomial time, all NP-Complete problems will have a polynomial solution. The 3-CNF-SAT problem is a NP-Complete problem and the primary…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-04-07 Belal Qasemi

In this article, we present a novel formulation for the load-dependent traveling salesman problem (LD-TSP), in which travel cost (or energy expended) depends on the vehicle's current load. This problem is relevant for package delivery and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Deepak Prakash Kumar , Saurabh Belgaonkar , Sivakumar Rathinam , Swaroop Darbha , David W. Casbeer

With applications to many disciplines, the traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a classical computer science optimization problem with applications to industrial engineering, theoretical computer science, bioinformatics, and several other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-26 Yihui He , Ming Xiang

The $k$-Opt algorithm is a local search algorithm for the traveling salesman problem. Starting with an initial tour, it iteratively replaces at most $k$ edges in the tour with the same number of edges to obtain a better tour. Krentel (FOCS…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sophia Heimann , Hung P. Hoang , Stefan Hougardy

The Traveling Thief Problem (TTP) is a multi-component optimization problem that captures the interplay between routing and packing decisions by combining the classical Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and the Knapsack Problem (KP). The…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jan Eube , Kelin Luo , Aneta Neumann , Frank Neumann , Heiko Röglin

TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem), a classic NP-complete problem in combinatorial optimization, is of great significance in multiple fields. Exact algorithms for TSP are not practical due to their exponential time cost. Thus, approximate…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Yang Li , Junbin Gao , Mingyuan Bai , Chengjun Li , Gang Liu

We study the statistical mechanics of a class of problems whose phase space is the set of permutations of an ensemble of quenched random positions. Specific examples analyzed are the finite temperature traveling salesman problem on several…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-11 David S. Dean , David Lancaster , Satya. N. Majumdar

The traveling salesman (or salesperson) problem, short TSP, is a problem of strong interest to many researchers from mathematics, economics, and computer science. Manifold TSP variants occur in nearly every scientific field and application…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Sophia Saller , Jana Koehler , Andreas Karrenbauer

We provide improved space-time tradeoffs for permutation problems over additively idempotent semi-rings. In particular, there is an algorithm for the Traveling Salesperson Problem that solves $N$-vertex instances using space $S$ and time…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Afrouz Jabal Ameli , Jesper Nederlof , Shengzhe Wang

The standard LP relaxation of the asymmetric traveling salesman problem has been conjectured to have a constant integrality gap in the metric case. We prove this conjecture when restricted to shortest path metrics of node-weighted digraphs.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-08-14 Ola Svensson

The Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a well-known combinatorial optimization problem that aims to find the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the starting point. This paper explores the application…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Kael Silva Araújo , Francisco Márcio Barboza

The airplane refueling problem is a nonlinear combinatorial optimization problem, and its equivalent problem the $n$-vehicle exploration problem is proved to be NP-complete (arXiv:2304.03965v1, The $n$-vehicle exploration problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Jinchuan Cui , Xiaoya Li

Let M be an nXn symetric matrix, n, even, T, an upper bound for T_OPT, an optimal tour, sigma_T, the smaller-valued perfect matching obtained from alternate edges of T expressed as a product of 2-cycles. Applying the modified Floyd-Warshall…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Howard Kleiman

The Traveling Salesman Problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem widely studied in operations research. Despite its simple formulation, it remains computationally challenging due to the exponential growth of the search…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

We consider the NP-hard 2-period balanced travelling salesman problem. In this problem the salesman needs to visit a set of customers in two time periods. A given subset of the customers has to be visited in both periods while the rest of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-14 Vladimir Deineko , Bettina Klinz , Mengke Wang

The aim of the paper is to compare different approximation algorithms for the travelling salesperson problem. We pick the most popular and widespread methods known in the literature and contrast them with a novel approach (the polygonal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-03 Mateusz Krukowski , Filip Turoboś

Understanding the interactions between different combinatorial optimisation problems in real-world applications is a challenging task. Recently, the traveling thief problem (TTP), as a combination of the classical traveling salesperson…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-02-20 Frank Neumann , Sergey Polyakovskiy , Martin Skutella , Leen Stougie , Junhua Wu

The multi-index matching is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem; for two indices it reduces to the well understood bipartite matching problem that belongs to the polynomial complexity class. We use the cavity method to solve the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-10 O. C. Martin , M. Mezard , O. Rivoire